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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cd437.html It is challenging to parameterize the force field for calcium ions (Ca2+) in calcium-binding proteins because of their unique coordination chemistry that involves the surrounding atoms required for stability. In this work, we observed a wide variation in Ca2+ binding loop conformations of the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin, which adopts the most populated ternary structures determined from the molecular dynamics simulations, followed by ab initio quantum mechanical (QM) calculations on all 12 amino acids in the loop that coordinate Ca2+ in aqueous solution. Ca2+ charges were derived by fitting to the electrostatic potential in the context of a classical or polarizable force field (PFF). We discovered that the atomic radius of Ca2+ in conventional force fields is too large for the QM calculation to capture the variation in the coordination geometry of Ca2+ in its ionic form, leading to unphysical charges. Specifically, we found that the fitted atomic charges of Ca2+ in the context of PFF depend on the coordinating geometry of electronegative atoms from the amino acids in the loop. Although nearby water molecules do not influence the atomic charge of Ca2+, they are crucial for compensating for the coordination of Ca2+ due to the conformational flexibility in the EF-hand loop. Our method advances the development of force fields for metal ions and protein binding sites in dynamic environments.Mechanical spectral hole burning (MSHB) has been used to investigate the nonlinear dynamics in polymers, ranging from melts, solutions, block co-polymers, and glasses. MSHB was developed as an analog to the dielectric spectral hole burning method, which is not readily applicable in polymers due to weak dielectric response. While similar holes were observed in both mechanical and dielectric hole burning, the interpretations were different. In the latter case, it has been argued that the holes are related to dynamic heterogeneity as re

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