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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html The computed HU values were compared against experimentally measured values obtained by scanning batches of GNPs of various sizes and concentrations using a GE LightSpeed 4 Big Bore CT scanner at 80 kVp and 140 kVp energies, as well as the kV CBCT capability of a Varian Novalis Tx linear accelerator. HU analysis was carried out using Velocity Medical Solutions clinical CT image analysis software. The MCNP calculated HU values matched the measured values to within ± 5%. Image contrast enhancement analysis showed a total increase in HU of up to 223. The sample having the highest gold mass percentage tested showed the greatest increase in HU number compared to water.The simulation of proton Spread-Out Bragg Peaks (SOBPs) was implemented using the Geant4-based TOPAS Monte Carlo software. Dynamic proton energy switching was implemented using TOPAS time features, while beam weights were calculated using an empirical power law formalism with Bragg peaks spaced by 0.5 mm. To find power parameters yielding flat SOBPs we sampled power parameters for maximum kinetic energies of 50 MeV to 250 MeV and SOBP widths of 15% to 40% of the depth of the distal SOBP end. Simulations were run in a 50 cm cubic water phantom using a uniform squared proton beam. Depth dose was scored along the central axis in a binned cylinder with 1 cm diameter in 2.5 mm increments. Power parameters yielding a flat SOBPs were found to vary with, both energy and SOBP width and differed significantly from previously reported values based on simulations with MCNPX.A gradient coil with integrated second and third order shims has been designed and constructed for use inside an actively shielded 310 mm horizontal bore 9.4 T small animal MRI. An extension of the boundary element method, to minimise the power deposited in conducting surfaces, was used to design the gradients, and a boundary element method with a constraint on mutual inductance was used to design th

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