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https://www.selleckchem.com/ Nuclear factor-κB, nod-like receptor protein 3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein and caspase-1 were decreased in HFD-INU group. Additionally, the results of 16S rRNA sequencing and analysis showed that INU administration modulated the composition of gut microbial community in NAFLD mice by up-regulating the abundances of Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium as well as down-regulating the abundances of Blautia and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes. Short-chain fatty acids including acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid, were increased with INU treatment. Correlation analysis revealed close relationships among inflammatory indicators, metabolic indicators as well as gut microbiota/its metabolite short-chain fatty acids. Conclusion INU prevents NAFLD via modulating gut microbiota and suppressing Lipopolysaccharide-Toll-like receptor 4-Mψ-Nuclear factor-κB-nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammatory pathway via the gut-liver axis.Due to the complex nature of traditional medicines, quality control methods need to cover two aspects compliance of raw materials with quality standards and process control. Astragali radix (AR), the roots of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge, was selected in this study as an example of a widely used traditional medicine in various formulations. Astragaloside IV (AG IV) and calycosin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (CG) are used as the markers for the quality control of AR and its products in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, in the raw materials, malic acid esters of the CG and acetate esters of the astragaloside are easily decomposed into CG and AG IV during storage and processing of AR to make extracts for various preparations. The thermal stability of the isoflavonoids and astragalosides in decoction was studied. The level of CG and astragalosides (AG I/AG II/AG IV) was strongly affected by prolonged heat during processing, while calycosin was stable in the conditions. Also the major astragalosides in AR could fully co

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