Microbial community has an essential role in various fields, especially the industrial sector. Microbes produce metabolites in the form of enzymes, which are one of the essential compounds for industrial processes. Unfortunately, there are still numerous microbes that cannot be identified and cultivated because of the limitations of the culture-based method. The metagenomic approach is a solution for researchers to overcome these problems. Metagenomics is a strategy used to analyze the genomes of microbial communities in the environment directly. Metagenomics application used to explore novel enzymes is essential because it allows researchers to obtain data on microbial diversity, reaching of 99% and various types of genes encoding an enzyme that has not yet been identified. Basic methods in metagenomics have been developed and are commonly used in various studies. A basic understanding of metagenomics for researchers is needed, especially young researchers to support the success of the research. Therefore, this review was done in order to provide a deep understanding of metagenomics. It also discussed the application and basic methods of metagenomics in the exploration of novel enzymes, especially in the latest research. Several types of enzymes, such as cellulases, proteases, and lipases, which have been explored using metagenomics, were reviewed in this article. Therefore, this review was done in order to provide a deep understanding of metagenomics. It also discussed the application and basic methods of metagenomics in the exploration of novel enzymes, especially in the latest research. Several types of enzymes, such as cellulases, proteases, and lipases, which have been explored using metagenomics, were reviewed in this article.Phylogenetic studies with Zika virus (ZIKV) have been conducted in Brazil. In this study, we sequenced 8 new sequences of the ZIKV envelope (E) gene from strains of cases from the Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul states in 2016. A low phylogenetic signal was observed, with more than 40% of unresolved quartets, and the Maximum Likelihood Tree grouped all sequences in the Brazilian branches within the Asian genotype. In addition, a Shannon entropy analysis was conducted, showing a high stability in the E protein through the ZIKV polyprotein. Taken together, these results suggest a high degree of conservation in the ZIKV E gene from the recent American outbreaks. The present study was performed to develop the Persian version of food craving inventory (FCI) (FCI-P) and to assess food craving in Iranian adult population. In addition, individual differences, including sex and body mass index (BMI) in food craving were assessed. Eight hundred and twenty subjects who participated in the same study Hill (Proc Nutr Soc 66 277-285, 2007) were studied (540 women and 280 men). The FCI-P, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), and a questionnaire pertaining to demographic characteristics were completed for all participants. Good content, construct, and convergent validity was observed for the FCI-P. A good reliability was found for both aggregate scores of the FCI-P and scores of its five factors. Exploratory factor analysis showed a five-factor model including "sweets," "high-fat foods," "fast food fats," "carbohydrates/starches" and "high-fat meats". These five factors accounted for 47.31% of the total variance. The scores of "uncontrolled eating" and "emotional eating" of the TFEQ were significantly correlated with the scores of the FCI-P factors and its total score. A significant correlation was found between BMI and the FCI-P score (r = 0.199). Significant differences were observed in the mean age and physical activity score among normal weight, overweight, and obese participants. Normal weight and overweight groups were more active than obese group. Obese participants had higher FCI-P score (P < 0.001) than the normal and overweight groups. FCI-P score was significantly higher in women than men. FCI-P can be used as a valid and reliable measure to assess food craving in Iranian populations. Obese individuals experienced food craving more than normal weight subjects. Similarly, women may experience food craving more than men. Level V, cross sectional study. Level V, cross sectional study. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between pretreatment body mass index (BMI) and clinical outcomes in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Systematical searches of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were carried out. Studies reporting on the association between BMI and outcomes of ICIs were included. The intended outcomes included overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR) and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Quantitative analyses and dose-response meta-analyses were performed under random effect models. Twenty-two eligible studies involving 5686 cancer patients treated with ICIs were identified. Compared to those with lower BMI, patients with higher BMI obtained a significant benefit on OS (HR = 0.698, 95% CI 0.614-0.794, P < 0.001; I  = 45.9%) and PFS (HR = 0.760, 95% CI 0.672-0.861, P < 0.001; I  = 37.9%). Most stratified analyses for OS and PFS also showed similar pooled risk estimates. For an increment of every 5kg/m in BMI, the risk for death reduced by approximately 15.6% (HR = 0.844, 95% CI 0.752-0.945, P = 0.003). Moreover, patients with higher BMI had a remarkably better ORR (OR = 0.468, 95% CI 0.263-0.833, P = 0.010; I  = 73.6%) than that of those with lower BMI. However, no statistically significant differences were found in the incidence of any grade irAEs (P = 0.073) and ≥ 3 grade irAEs (P = 0.105) between higher and lower BMI. Higher BMI is significantly associated with improved outcomes in patients treated with ICIs. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBF1120.html Further large-scale prospective research is warranted to better illuminate the association between BMI and outcomes from ICIs. Higher BMI is significantly associated with improved outcomes in patients treated with ICIs. Further large-scale prospective research is warranted to better illuminate the association between BMI and outcomes from ICIs.