Rosaceae (the rose family) is an economically important family that includes species prized for high-value fruits and ornamentals. The family also exhibits diverse fruit types, including drupe (peach), pome (apple), drupetum (raspberry), and achenetum (strawberry). Phylogenetic analysis and ancestral fruit-type reconstruction suggest independent evolutionary paths of multiple fleshy fruit types from dry fruits. A recent whole genome duplication in the Maleae/Pyreae tribe (with apple, pear, hawthorn, and close relatives; referred to as Maleae here) may have contributed to the evolution of pome fruit. MADS-box genes, known to regulate floral organ identity, are emerging as important regulators of fruit development. The differential competence of floral organs to respond to fertilization signals may explain the different abilities of floral organs to form fleshy fruit. Future comparative genomics and functional studies in closely related Rosaceae species with distinct fruit types will test hypotheses and provide insights into mechanisms of fleshy fruit diversity. These efforts will be facilitated by the wealth of genome data and resources in Rosaceae.Objectives The purpose of our investigation was to compare post-concussion symptom profiles and postural control measures among female youth artistic athletes (gymnasts and cheerleaders) relative to female ball sport athletes (volleyball or basketball). Methods/findings We compared 27 artistic athletes (median age = 15.0 years; evaluated median = 13 days post-injury) and 49 ball sport athletes (median age = 15.3 years; evaluated median = 10 days post-injury) within 21 days of sustaining a concussion on measures of symptom profiles and postural control (Balance Error Scoring System [BESS]), tandem gait, and Romberg tests. After adjusting for the independent effect of time from injury-evaluation, concussion history, and pre-morbid migraine history, we observed that artistic athletes performed the BESS tandem stance foam condition with fewer errors than ball sport athletes (β = -2.4; 95% CI = -4.7, -0.2; p = .03). Artistic athletes demonstrated a higher, yet not statistically significant, headache severity than ball sport athletes (median = 4.5 vs 4.0, p = .07). Conclusions Overall, artistic athletes had similar symptom profiles to ball sport athletes. Postural control measures, other than the BESS tandem stance foam condition, were not significantly different from ball sport athletes. This suggests that although their sports may require higher levels of balance, artistic athletes' performance on post-concussion balance tests may be similar to athletes of other disciplines.Objective To assess a simple technology solution to support basic communication and leisure in people with neurological disorders, extensive motor impairment, and absence of speech. Design The design was a non-concurrent multiple baseline across participants. Methods The study included eight participants and assessed a technology setup including a Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 LTE tablet and a Samsung Galaxy A3 smartphone.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bpv-hopic.html  The smartphone, automated via MacroDroid, presented the participant with leisure, messages, and caregiver options. Choosing leisure or messages (by activating the smartphone's proximity sensor) led the smartphone to present the alternatives available for that option and eventually verbalize the alternative selected. This verbalization triggered the tablet's Google Assistant and led the tablet to present a leisure event or start a message exchange. Choosing the caregiver led the smartphone to invite the caregiver to interact with the participant. Results During baseline (i.e., when a standard smartphone was available), the participants did not activate any of the options. During intervention and post-intervention (i.e., with the technology described above), participants activated all options and spent most of the session time positively engaged with them. Conclusions The aforementioned technology seems to be a useful tool for individuals like those involved in this study.Beginning with conception and continuing through childhood and adolescence, the word "strength" connotes the totality of optimal early bone and tissue growth, neural wiring of the brain, and acquisition of fine motor, gross motor, language, and social-emotional skills. The robustness of each of these attributes depend on three critical epigenetic (external) factors the quality of nutrition; positive adult nurturing; and experiences acquired within a stimulating, safe environment that affords free exploration. This review highlights the relationship between the epigenetic factors in the period of conception to age 2 years and a child's future health, cognitive capacity, and social aptitude, which collectively comprise their "strength". This paper was presented as part of the 2018 Strength Summit conference entitled, The Role of Strength in Optimal Health and Well-being. Novelty Points • Strength in infants signifies the totality of optimal early growth and neural wiring of the brain. • Strength at this life stage also includes the acquisition of motor, language, and social-emotional skills. • Three epigenetic factors are critical during birth to 24-months nutrition, nurturing, and free exploration.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an acute bout of cycling immediately after oral glucose intake on glucose metabolism in pregnant women at risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Fifteen pregnant women with BMI ≥ 27kg/m2 were enrolled in a randomized crossover controlled study and underwent two oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) ingesting 75-gram glucose followed by either 20 minutes of stationary cycling at moderate intensity (65-75% maximal heart rate) or rest. Using continuous glucose monitors, glucose was measured up to 48 hours after the OGTT. Glucose, insulin and C-peptide was determined at baseline and after one and two hours. One hour after glucose intake, mean blood glucose was significantly lower after cycling compared to rest (p=0.002). Similarly, mean glucose peak level was significantly lower after cycling than after rest (p=0.039). Lower levels of insulin and C-peptide were observed after one hour (p less then 0.01). Differences in glucose measurements after two hours and up to 48 hours were not statistically different.