https://www.selleckchem.com/products/crt0066101-dihydrochloride.html Salamanders and newts (urodeles) are often used as a model system to elucidate the evolution of tetrapod locomotion. Studies range from detailed descriptions of musculoskeletal anatomy and segment kinematics, to bone loading mechanics and inferring central pattern generators. A further area of interest has been in vivo muscle activity patterns, measured through electromyography (EMG). However, most prior EMG work has primarily focused on muscles of the forelimb or hindlimb in specific species or the axial system in others. Here we present data on forelimb, hindlimb, and epaxial muscle activity patterns in one species, Salamandra salamandra, during steady state walking. The data are calibrated to limb stride cycle events (stance phase, swing phase), allowing direct comparisons to homologous muscle activation patterns recorded for other walking tetrapods (e.g., lizards, alligators, turtles, mammals). Results demonstrate that Salamandra has similar walking kinematics and muscle activity patterns to other urodele provide the foundation for building and testing dynamic simulations of fire salamander locomotor biomechanics to better understand musculoskeletal function. They could also be applied to future musculoskeletal simulations of extinct species to explore the evolution of tetrapod locomotion across deep-time.Hosts of avian brood parasites may reduce or forego the costs of caring for foreign young by rejecting parasitic eggs from the nest. Yet, many host species accept parasitic eggs and, even among rejecter species, some individuals go on to incubate and hatch them. The factors explaining the variation in egg rejection between species have received much theoretical and empirical attention, but the causes of intraspecific variation in different individuals' propensity for accepting parasitic eggs are less well understood. Here we tested the maternal investment hypothesis, which predicts that hosts