https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pq912.html Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are the main agents of swine colibacillosis, an infectious disease which implies important economic losses. We characterized here 186 diarrheagenic E. coli from Spanish industrial pig farms (2005-2017) to know which clones were involved in this syndrome, and the rates of antibiotic resistance. The PCR based on pathotype-associated virulence genes determined that 161 of 186 isolates (86.5 %) exhibited the ETEC pathotype, 10 (5.4 %) the STEC pathotype, and 15 (8.1 %) the hybrid ETEC/STEC pathotype. The majority of the isolates showed phylogroup A (85.5 %), clonotype CH11-24 (72 %) and belonged to the clonal complex (CC) 10, including two ETEC clones accounting for around 50 % of the 186 isolates O157HNM-A-ST10 (CH11-24), which exhibited mostly the fimbrial antigen F4ac; and O108HNM-A-ST10 (CH11-24), which exhibited mainly F18. Other associations were O139H1-E-ST1 (CH2-54) with the STEC pathotype, and both O141H4-A-CC10 (CH11-24) and O138HNM-E-ST42 (CH28-41) with ETEC/STEC. We found that 87.1 % of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, including 9% ESBL-producers, with the highest rates to nalidixic acid (82 %), colistin (77 %), ticarcillin (76 %) and ampicillin (76 %). Besides, more than 50 % of isolates showed non-susceptibility to gentamicin, tobramycin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sufamethoxazole and chloramphenicol. Additionally, 11 out of 17 ESBL-producing isolates were mcr-carriers. Results suggest that O108HNM-A-ST10 (CH11-24) F18 is an emerging clone taking space left by other classical serogroups. Further follow-up studies on predominant clones in pig colibacillosis are essential for the update of vaccines, as alternative to the use of antibiotics.Numerous studies have examined the association between maternal caffeine consumption and infant and childhood health outcomes and the results have been inconsistent. The study of mater