62 logMar (SD 0.68; p less then 0.0001) and 401.04 μm (SD 257.5), respectively. The mean follow-up (FU) period was 47.8 months (min 12-max 120). At 12 months, the mean BCVA and CMT had significantly improved to 0.62 logMar (SD 0.68; p less then 0.0001) and 401.04 . Conclusion Intravitreal Ranibizumab and/or dexamethasone injections were found to be effective at inducing a long-lasting improvement of BCVA and CMT in a real-life clinical setting. A safety profile similar to that already well-established in Ranibizumab and dexamethasone treatment was observed, as well as a steady decrease in the number of intraocular injections required. The results support intravitreal treatments for BRVO and CRVO in patient populations with similar characteristics in similar settings. Copyright © 2020 Emilia Maggio et al.Purpose To determine normative values of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL) and optic nerve head (ONH) parameters and their association with routine clinical tests such as refractive error (RE), stereoacuity (SA), and contrast sensitivity (CS) in an African population. Methods In a cross-sectional observational study, 100 normal subjects aged 20 to 78 years were evaluated using the Cirrus HD-OCT 5000 and matched with 200 glaucoma patients. Results Average (±SD) RNFL thickness for normal subjects was found to be 102.37 ± 7.45 (range, 82-119 microns) compared with 90.74 ± 14.50 found for glaucoma subjects. Females had higher average RNFL values (104.84 ± 6.90) compared with males (99.80 ± 7.18). Significant associations were calculated between quadrant RNFL thickness and SA, SE, and CS (all p less then 0.05). The mean cup to disc ratio (CDR) was 0.49 ± 0.12, and mean optic disc area (DA) was 2.08 mm2 ± 0.40. Smaller DA was recorded for participants aged 60+ years (1.86 ± 0.25), followed by 40-59 age gnd associations reported in this study can inform clinical decision on the normal variation in RNFL and optic disc parameters. Copyright © 2020 Stephen Ocansey et al.Purpose The purpose of the study was to assess the efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (IDI Ozurdex®) injection in eyes with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Material and Method. A retrospective, nonrandomized study was conducted in patients with macular edema (ME) due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) who undertook intravitreal Ozurdex® as first-line treatment. We performed a complete ocular exam including macular OCT. Results The mean BCVA (logMar) improved from 0.420.42 ± 0.23 logMar at baseline to 0.21 ± 0.23 logMar at 48 weeks in the BRVO group and from 0.72 ± 0.16 logMar at baseline to 0.31 ± 0.23 logMar at 48 weeks in the CRVO group. In both groups, CFT values decreased significantly compared to baseline (p less then 0.0001 at each timepoint). Reinjection for recurrent macular edema after 18 weeks was indicated in five eyes (41.67%) in the BRVO group and in six eyes (25%) in the CRVO group. Cataract developed in two eyes (16.67%) in the BRVO group and in one eye (4.17%) in the CRVO group. The IOP was higher than 25 mmHg in two cases in the BRVO group (16.66%) and in three cases (8.33%) in the CRVO group. Conclusion Ozurdex® injected intravitreally significantly improved the mean CFT and BCVA in eyes with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Copyright © 2020 Cristina Nicula et al.Purpose To evaluate the role of SPARC in the antiproliferation effect of MMC on human Tenon's fibroblasts (HTF). Method Sixteen PACG patients aged 59 ± 10 years (31-72 years), including 6 males and 10 females, were recruited. Tenon tissue was harvested during filtering surgery. Cell density was evaluated after MMC application with different concentrations and application times, by which the optimized MMC application modality was determined. MMC, si-SPARC, or SPARC protein was used when needed to evaluate the cell densities under different conditions, by which the role of SPARC in MMC-mediated antifibrotic process was identified. Results Considering that the cell densities, as well as SPARC expression on mRNA and protein levels, are relatively stable when the MMC concentration is higher than 0.02% and exposure time longer than 90 s, we chose the MMC application pattern with 0.02% and 90 s as an optimized pattern for the downstream work. Compared to control, the si-SPARC and MMC downregulated the SPARC protein by 91% (P less then 0.01) and 65% (P less then 0.01) and 65% (P less then 0.01) and 65% (P less then 0.01) and 65% (P less then 0.01) and 65% (P less then 0.01) and 65% (P less then 0.01) and 65% (P less then 0.01) and 65% (. Conclusion This study demonstrates that in HTF, (1) MMC downregulates the expression of SPARC in protein and mRNA levels; (2) SPARC depletion has synergistic effect on the antifibrotic effect of MMC; and (3) reactive oxygen species are the possible mediator in the antifibrotic effect of MMC and si-SPARC. Copyright © 2020 Yuanyuan Guo et al.Purpose We compared the incidences of iatrogenic retinal breaks and postoperative retinal detachment between eyes that underwent 20-gauge vitrectomy and those that underwent 25-gauge vitrectomy for idiopathic macular hole repair. Methods This retrospective nonrandomized consecutive observational case series included 185 eyes of 183 patients (130 eyes of 129 patients and 55 eyes of 54 patients in the 20- and 25-gauge groups, respectively). We assessed the relationship between the incidence of retinal breaks and postoperative retinal detachment and related this to posterior vitreous detachment and lattice degeneration. Results The incidences of iatrogenic retinal breaks were 36.9% and 12.7% in the 20-gauge and 25-gauge groups, respectively.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Clopidogrel-bisulfate.html  These groups did not differ in their respective frequencies of posterior vitreous detachment (the 20-gauge group 31.5% and the 25-gauge group 27.3%) and lattice degeneration (the 20-gauge group 14.6% and the 25-gauge group 7.3%). Among eyes without lattice degeneration, the 20-gauge group showed a higher incidence of iatrogenic retinal breaks than the 25-gauge group. However, among the eyes with lattice degeneration, the frequency of retinal breaks did not differ between the two surgery types, and four cases of postoperative retinal detachment were reported in both groups. Conclusions The incidence of retinal breaks related to idiopathic macular hole surgery is higher among patients undergoing 20-gauge vitrectomy than among those undergoing 25-gauge vitrectomy. Posterior vitreous detachment and lattice degeneration are associated with considerably increased incidences of retinal break. Copyright © 2020 Norio Fujiwara et al.