A fundamental scientific question concerns the neural basis of perceptual consciousness and perceptual monitoring resulting from the processing of sensory events. Although recent studies identified neurons reflecting stimulus visibility, their functional role remains unknown. Here, we show that perceptual consciousness and monitoring involve evidence accumulation.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html  We recorded single-neuron activity in a participant with a microelectrode in the posterior parietal cortex, while they detected vibrotactile stimuli around detection threshold and provided confidence estimates. We find that detected stimuli elicited neuronal responses resembling evidence accumulation during decision-making, irrespective of motor confounds or task demands. We generalize these findings in healthy volunteers using electroencephalography. Behavioral and neural responses are reproduced with a computational model considering a stimulus as detected if accumulated evidence reaches a bound, and confidence as the distance between maximal evidence and that bound. We conclude that gradual changes in neuronal dynamics during evidence accumulation relates to perceptual consciousness and perceptual monitoring in humans.Maintaining functional stability of microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) treating wastewater depends on maintaining functional redundancy of efficient electroactive bacteria (EAB) on the anode biofilm. Therefore, investigating whether efficient EAB competing for the same resources (electron donor and acceptor) co-exist at the anode biofilm is key for the successful application of MEC for wastewater treatment. Here, we compare the electrochemical and kinetic properties of two efficient acetoclastic EAB, Geobacter sulfurreducens (GS) and Desulfuromonas acetexigens (DA), grown as monoculture in MECs fed with acetate. Additionally, we monitor the evolution of DA and GS in co-culture MECs fed with acetate or domestic wastewater using fluorescent in situ hybridization. The apparent Monod kinetic parameters reveal that DA possesses higher jmax (10.7 ± 0.4 A/m2) and lower KS, app (2 ± 0.15 mM) compared to GS biofilms (jmax 9.6 ± 0.2 A/m2 and KS, app 2.9 ± 0.2 mM). Further, more donor electrons are diverted to the anode for respiration in DA compared to GS. In acetate-fed co-culture MECs, DA (98% abundance) outcompete GS for anode-dependent growth. In contrast, both EAB co-exist (DA 55 ± 2%; GS 24 ± 1.1%) in wastewater-fed co-culture MECs despite the advantage of DA over GS based on kinetic parameters alone. The co-existence of efficient acetoclastic EAB with high current density in MECs fed with wastewater is significant in the context of functional redundancy to maintain stable performance. Our findings also provide insight to future studies on bioaugmentation of wastewater-fed MECs with efficient EAB to enhance performance.Increasing greenhouse gas emissions are likely to impact not only natural systems but economies worldwide. If these impacts alter future economic development, the financial losses will be significantly higher than the mere direct damages. So far, potentially aggravating investment responses were considered negligible. Here we consistently incorporate an empirically derived temperature-growth relation into the simple integrated assessment model DICE. In this framework we show that, if in the next eight decades varying temperatures impact economic growth as has been observed in the past three decades, income is reduced by ~ 20% compared to an economy unaffected by climate change. Hereof ~ 40% are losses due to growth effects of which ~ 50% result from reduced incentive to invest. This additional income loss arises from a reduced incentive for future investment in anticipation of a reduced return and not from an explicit climate protection policy. Under economically optimal climate-change mitigation, however, optimal investment would only be reduced marginally as mitigation efforts keep returns high.Autophagy can selectively target protein aggregates, pathogens, and dysfunctional organelles for the lysosomal degradation. Aberrant regulation of autophagy promotes tumorigenesis, while it is far less clear whether and how tumor-specific alterations result in autophagic aberrance. To form a link between aberrant autophagy selectivity and human cancer, we establish a computational pipeline and prioritize 222 potential LIR (LC3-interacting region) motif-associated mutations (LAMs) in 148 proteins. We validate LAMs in multiple proteins including ATG4B, STBD1, EHMT2 and BRAF that impair their interactions with LC3 and autophagy activities. Using a combination of transcriptomic, metabolomic and additional experimental assays, we show that STBD1, a poorly-characterized protein, inhibits tumor growth via modulating glycogen autophagy, while a patient-derived W203C mutation on LIR abolishes its cancer inhibitory function. This work suggests that altered autophagy selectivity is a frequently-used mechanism by cancer cells to survive during various stresses, and provides a framework to discover additional autophagy-related pathways that influence carcinogenesis.The success of immunotherapy was overshadowed by its low response rate, and the hot or cold tumor microenvironment was reported to be responsible for it. However, due to the lack of an appropriate method, it is still a huge challenge for researchers to understand the molecular differences between hot and cold tumor microenvironments. Further research is needed to gain deeper insight into the molecular characteristics of the hot/cold tumor microenvironment. A large-scale clinical cohort and single-cell RNA-seq technology were used to identify the molecular characteristics of inflamed or noninflamed tumors. With single-cell RNA sequencing technology, we provided a novel method to dissect the tumor microenvironment into a hot/cold tumor microenvironment to help us understand the molecular differences between hot and cold tumor microenvironments. Compared with cold tumors, hot tumors highly expressed B cell-related genes, such as MS4A1 and CXCR5, neurogenesis-related miRNA such as MIR650, and immune molecule-related lncRNA such as MIR155HG and LINC00426.