https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ms1943.html To determine the general contextual effect of the department in the variation of Cesarean section in Colombia in 2016, and their individual and contextual related factors. Cross-sectional study based on a birth cohort. We used the birth certificate database from January 1 to December 31, 2016. Three multilevel logistic models were constructed. Pregnant women were set at the first level and department at the second level. We fitted a null multilevel model followed by two multiple models, including individual and individual and department variables, respectively. The overall prevalence of C-section was 45.5% (95% CI 45.4-45.6), ranged from 5 to 76%. The variance partition coefficient was 15%. Individual factors did not explain the general contextual effect. However, the region to which these departments belong explained 71% of the variance. The Caribbean region was positively associated with C-section compared to the Andean region (OR3.88, 95% CI 2.65-5.67). Multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy showed that the department plays an important role in the variation of C-sections in Colombia. Our results suggest that the proportional universalism approach should be applied to reduce the proportion of C-Section, focusing on departments with the highest risk and on the Caribbean and Insular region. Multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy showed that the department plays an important role in the variation of C-sections in Colombia. Our results suggest that the proportional universalism approach should be applied to reduce the proportion of C-Section, focusing on departments with the highest risk and on the Caribbean and Insular region. Multiple infections, nutrient deficiencies and inflammation (MINDI) occur in indigenous communities, but their associations with perinatal outcomes have not been described. To assess maternal and cord blood micronutrient a