BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It is uncertain whether primary care physician continuity of care associates with a lower risk of death and hospitalization among patients transitioning to maintenance dialysis. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Using provincial-linked administrative databases in Ontario, Canada, we conducted a population-based study of incident patients who initiated maintenance dialysis between 2005 and 2014 and survived for at least 90 days. We defined high primary care physician continuity as both a high usual provider of care index (where >75% of primary care physician visits occurred with the same primary care physician) in the 2 years before dialysis (an established measure of primary care physician continuity) and at least one visit with the same primary care physician in the 90 days after dialysis initiation. We used propensity scores to match a group of patients with high and low continuity so that indicators of baseline health were similar. The primary outcome was all-cause more dialysis was not associated with a lower risk of mortality or all-cause hospitalization. Copyright © 2020 by the American Society of Nephrology.The class of human genetic kidney diseases is extremely broad and heterogeneous. Accordingly, the range of associated disease phenotypes is highly variable. Many children and adults affected by inherited kidney disease will progress to ESKD at some point in life. Extensive research has been performed on various different disease models to investigate the underlying causes of genetic kidney disease and to identify disease mechanisms that are amenable to therapy. We review some of the research highlights that, by modeling inherited kidney disease, contributed to a better understanding of the underlying pathomechanisms, leading to the identification of novel genetic causes, new therapeutic targets, and to the development of new treatments. We also discuss how the implementation of more efficient genome-editing techniques and tissue-culture methods for kidney research is providing us with personalized models for a precision-medicine approach that takes into account the specificities of the patient and the underlying disease. We focus on the most common model systems used in kidney research and discuss how, according to their specific features, they can differentially contribute to biomedical research. Unfortunately, no definitive treatment exists for most inherited kidney disorders, warranting further exploitation of the existing disease models, as well as the implementation of novel, complex, human patient-specific models to deliver research breakthroughs. Copyright © 2020 by the American Society of Nephrology.OBJECTIVE To show how a simple Bayesian analysis method can be used to improve the evidence base in patient populations where recruitment and retention are challenging. METHODS A Bayesian conjugate analysis method was applied to binary data from the Thermal testing in Bone Pain (TiBoP) study a prospective diagnostic accuracy/predictive study in patients with cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of a simple bedside tool to identify who was most likely to benefit from palliative radiotherapy (XRT) for CIBP. RESULTS Recruitment and retention of patients were challenging due to the frail population, with only 27 patients available for the primary analysis. The Bayesian method allowed us to make use of prior work done in this area and combine it with the TiBoP data to maximise the informativeness of the results. Positive and negative predictive values were estimated with greater precision, and interpretation of results was facilitated by use of direct probability statements.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/resatorvid.html  In particular, there was only 7% probability that the true positive predictive value was above 80%. CONCLUSIONS Several advantages of using Bayesian analysis are illustrated in this article. The Bayesian method allowed us to gain greater confidence in our interpretation of the results despite the small sample size by allowing us to incorporate data from a previous similar study. We suggest that this method is likely to be useful for the analysis of small diagnostic or predictive studies when prior information is available. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Moderate aerobic training may be therapeutic for chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases due to the associated anti-inflammatory response that is mediated by immune cells. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) regulates the M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) polarization, as well as the immunometabolic response of macrophages. Against this background, the present study seeks to clarify whether the conditional deletion of PPARγ in macrophages would have any effect on the anti-inflammatory role of moderate aerobic training. To test this hypothesis, two mice strains were used PPARγ LyzCre+/+ (KO) and littermates control animals (WT). Each genotype was divided into 1) sedentary high-fat diet (HF) and 2) high-fat diet and moderate aerobic training (HFT) (n = 5-8 per group). The experimental protocol lasted for 12 weeks, comprising 4 weeks of HF diet only and 8 weeks of HF diet and aerobic training (5 times/week, 50-60 minutes/day at 60% of maximum speed). Metabolic analyses weremonstrate the essential role of PPARγ in macrophage immunophenotypes. However, the deletion of PPARγ did not inhibit the exercise-mediated anti-inflammatory effect, underscoring the important role of exercise in modulating inflammation. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease that targets and destroys insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells. Although T cell mediated, a number of other immune cells are also critically involved in coordinating the events leading to T1D. Specifically, innate subsets play an important role in the pathogenesis of T1D. NK cells are one of the first cell types to infiltrate the pancreas, causing damage and release of beta cell antigens. Previous work in our group has shown differential mobilisation of highly differentiated CD8+ T cells during vigorous intensity exercise in T1D compared to a control cohort. Here, we aimed to explore exercise-induced mobilisation of other cell types involved in T1D pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of a single bout of vigorous (80% predicted VO2max) intensity exercise on innate cell mobilisation in T1D and control participants. T1D (N=12, mean age 33.2yrs, predicted VO₂max 32.2 ml.kg.min⁻¹, BMI 25.3 kg.m⁻²) and control (N=12, mean age 29.4yrs, predicted VO2 max 38.