https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sb-204990.html Growing evidence suggests that dysfunctional astrocytes are crucial players in the development of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Using a mouse model closely recapitulating key alterations of chronic human MTLE with hippocampal sclerosis, here we asked whether death of astrocytes contributes to the initiation of the disease and investigated potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Antibody staining was combined with confocal imaging and semiquantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis to identify markers of different cellular death mechanisms between 4h and 3days after epilepsy induction. Four hours after kainate-mediated induction of status epilepticus (SE), we found a significant reduction in the density of astrocytes in the CA1 stratum radiatum (SR) of the ipsilateral hippocampus. This reduction was transient, as within the next 3days, astrocyte cell numbers recovered to the initial values, which was accompanied by enhanced proliferation. Four hours after SE induction, a small prs help to better understand how dysfunctional and pathological remodeling of astrocytes contributes to the initiation of temporal lobe epilepsy. The present study revealed that astrocytes die shortly after induction of SE. Our expression data and immunohistochemistry suggest that necroptosis and autophagy contribute to astrocytic death. These findings help to better understand how dysfunctional and pathological remodeling of astrocytes contributes to the initiation of temporal lobe epilepsy. Using the periodontal diseases classification published in 2018, this study evaluated the level of agreement among predoctoral and postgraduate students of different education levels and specialties in the diagnosis and treatment planning of periodontal conditions. Second-year (D2) and fourth-year (D4) dental students, postgraduate orthodontic students (OS), and periodontology students (PS) were presented with an anonymous survey