Polarization of microglia/macrophages toward the pro-inflammatory phenotype is an important contributor to neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Dectin-1 is a pattern recognition receptor that has been reported to play a key role in regulating neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke and spinal cord injury. However, the role and mechanism of action of Dectin-1 after ICH remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of Dectin-1 on modulating the microglia/macrophage phenotype and neuroinflammation and the possible underlying mechanism after ICH. We found that Dectin-1 expression increased after ICH, and was mainly localized in microglia/macrophages. Neutrophil infiltration and microglia/macrophage polarization toward the pro-inflammatory phenotype increased after ICH. However, treatment with a Dectin-1 inhibitor reversed these phenomena and induced a shift the anti-inflammatory phenotype in microglia/macrophages; this resulted in alleviation of neurological dysfunction and facilitated hematoma clearance after ICH. We also found that Dectin-1 crosstalks with the downstream pro-inflammatory pathway, Card9/NF-κB, by activating spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our data suggest that Dectin-1 is involved in the microglia/macrophage polarization and functional recovery after ICH, and that this mechanism, at least in part, may contribute to the involvement of the Syk/Card9/NF-kB pathway.We report a case of phlegmonous gastritis that followed an episode of acute pharyngitis. A 21-year-old man visited our emergency room because of intense epigastric pain. Fourteen days before the visit, he had symptoms of a sore throat and high fever. He was diagnosed with acute pharyngitis and treated with antibiotics. Although the symptoms of acute pharyngitis were relieved, epigastric pain began 5 days before the emergency visit. Computed tomography showed diffuse gastric wall thickening, and emergent esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed diffusely spreading hyperemic mucosa with multiple erosions. He was admitted with a diagnosis of acute phlegmonous gastritis and was treated with antibiotics. The antibiotic treatment was effective and resulted in resolution of his clinical symptoms and normalized C-reactive protein concentrations. On hospital day 29, he was discharged. However, he was re-admitted because of recurrence of phlegmonous gastritis 5 days after discharge and 15 days after finishing the antibiotics. Cultures of gastric biopsies and juice were both positive for Streptococcus constellatus/milleri. Antibiotic treatment was effective, and he recovered without recurrence. A possible association between upper respiratory infections and subsequent phlegmonous gastritis has been reported, and this case supports causality. However, further studies are needed to evaluate causality and pathogenesis.
  Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the commonest cause of chronic liver disease, which is associated with obesity and diabetes. However, it also occurs in lean individuals especially in Asian populations.
 
  The participants of Tzu Chi MAFLD cohort (TCMC) including health controls or MAFLD patients were enrolled. MAFLD was defined as fatty liver in imaging without hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus infection, drug, alcohol or other known causes of chronic liver disease. Lean MAFLD was defined as MAFLD in lean subjects (BMI < 23kg/m
  ).
 
  A total of 880 subjects were included for final analysis. Of 394 MAFLD patients, 65 (16.5%) patients were diagnosed as lean MAFLD. Lean MAFLD patients were elder, higher percentage of female gender, lower ALT, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, and waist circumference but higher HDL than non-lean MAFLD patients. Using binary regression analysis, elder age and lower waist circumference were associated with lean MAFLD. Compared with lean healthy controls, lean MAFLD patients had higher BMI, waist circumference, and percentage of hypertension. In body composition, fatty tissue index (FTI), lean tissue index (LTI) ,and total body water (TBW) were lower in lean MAFLD than non-lean MAFLD patients; but they were comparable with lean healthy controls.
 
  The prevalence of lean MAFLD was 16.5% in this study population and it was higher in elder age, especially of female subjects. Lean MAFLD patients had different metabolic profiles compared with lean healthy controls, but different body composition compared with non-lean MAFLD patients.
 The prevalence of lean MAFLD was 16.5% in this study population and it was higher in elder age, especially of female subjects. Lean MAFLD patients had different metabolic profiles compared with lean healthy controls, but different body composition compared with non-lean MAFLD patients.Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a progressive steno-occlusive vasculopathy at the circle of Willis, characteristically involving the supra-clinoid segment of internal carotid arteries and their proximal branches with prominent collateral artery formation. Here we present, a series of imaging findings and varied clinical presentation of eight cases (n = 8) of MMD in the pediatric population (aged 0-18 years) after a retrospective review and detailed clinical evaluation. Detailed clinical history and examination were performed of eight pediatric patients of MMD with varied presentations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain along with time of flight (TOF) sequence magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed for all patients with a 3 T ((T) SEIMENS MRI scanner. Three out of eight cases (37.5%) presented with imaging findings of acute parenchymal infarction involving one or more major vascular territories showing diffusion restriction on DWI (diffusion-weighted image) sequence. Two of the patients (25%) showed chronic infarction with areas of gliosis and encephalomalacia.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ON-01910.html  One child presented with watershed areas of infarction involving bilateral parieto-occipital region. In one of the patients (12.5%) being evaluated for dystonia, the only parenchymal finding detected was that of asymmetric ventriculomegaly. A solitary patient being evaluated for intermittent focal seizure followed by Todd's hemiparesis had normal parenchymal brain imaging. Leptomeningeal pattern of enhancement was noted in one patient (12.5%). Although predominantly an intracranial vasculopathy, MMD may have myriad presentations apart from stroke, some of which are highlighted in this series.