Young children who have sustained severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) can suffer from debilitating neurocognitive deficits. Impairment of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with cognitive deficits and depression. Very few studies have investigated the adult hippocampal neurogenesis after pediatric TBI.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0980-RG7422.html  Here we evaluated long-term cognition, adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and microglial activation in a rabbit pediatric TBI model. On postnatal day 5-7 (P5-7), New Zealand white rabbits from the same litter were randomized into naïve, sham (craniotomy alone) and TBI (controlled cortical impact). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, 50 mg/kg, ip) was administered at one-month post-injury, once/daily for five consecutive days. Novel object recognition and spontaneous alternation in T-maze tests were performed at 2 months post-injury to measure the cognitive functions. The animals were euthanized after behavioral tests at 3 months of age to evaluate adult hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial activation. We found that 1) Pediatric TBI caused significant deficits in hippocampal dependent cognitive functions. 2) The survival rates of adult-born neurons at both ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus significantly decreased in the TBI group. 3) TBI induced ectopic migration of adult-born neurons at the dorsal dentate gyrus in both ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus. 4) TBI increased astrogenesis in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. 5) TBI results in abnormal microglial activation. In conclusion, pediatric TBI causes prolonged neuroinflammation and dysregulation of the adult hippocampal neurogenesis through young adulthood, which might be responsible for the cognitive deficits. Protection of hippocampal adult neurogenesis may potentially improve outcomes.Aim To explore the optimal route of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) administration in mice targeting Parkinson's disease. Materials & methods Assessing the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability of AuNCs in mice administrated following intravenous, intraperitoneal, gavage and intranasal injection. Investigating the biodistribution of AuNCs in mice by atomic absorption spectrometry and transmission electron microscope. Toxicity assessments of AuNCs were carried out both in cells and in mice. Results Administration of AuNCs via intraperitoneal injection showed the greatest bioavailability and the longest residence in brain. AuNCs could penetrate blood-brain barrier and be excreted mainly through kidney. No obvious toxicity of AuNCs found in cells and in mice. Conclusion The optimal route of AuNCs administration in mice targeting Parkinson's disease is intraperitoneal administration.Most of the information gathered about physical fitness of paediatric populations are cross-sectional, resulting in normative perspectives that account for average values relative to age, but not to a comprehensive understanding of developmental individual trajectories. The aim of this study was to model the longitudinal development of cardiorespiratory fitness of boys and girls from 6 to 15 years of age, using an individual centred approach. Two hundred twenty-nine school children (128 boys; 101 girls) were followed on their 20 metres shuttle run test (20mSRT) results from 6 to 15 years of age. Annual measurements were made during the four years of primary school, and again at grade 9th or 10th. Individual trajectories of 20mSRT development were modelled and grouped according to their similarities of change in three different developmental pathways that were included in subsequent hierarchical nested models for testing each sex developmental model of cardiorespiratory fitness. Final models including the developmental pathways showed better deviance statistics (p  .50), meaning these models capture well the existing variability, in respect to the rate of change. Individual pathways of change in the performance of 20mSRT test can be detected in childhood and adolescence. Additionally, all individual's developmental trajectories in 20mSRT can be described using three significantly different slopes. These pathways are indicative of a high, average, or low rate of change in performance over the years and differ from the normative approach.Developing Physical Literacy (PL) in children is considered a promising concept for establishing active lifestyle habits; yet research evidence is scarce. This study aimed at comprehensively assessing PL in 8-12-year-old Greek children. For that purpose, the Canadian Assessment of Physical Literacy (CAPL-2) was administered to 715 children (M age = 10.2, SD = 1.3 years). Analyses of variance were applied on participants' total, domain and individual measures scores, examining potential gender and age differences; whereas, participants' classification and proportion across CAPL-2 interpretive categories were computed. Results revealed that there were no practically important differences (η2  less then  .14) between boys and girls or younger (grades 3 & 4) and older children (grades 5 & 6). Greek children presented insufficient levels of PL (their total score classified them into "progressing" PL level). CAPL-2 domains and individual measures scores showed that participants were highly motivated and felt confident to participate in physical activity (PA); however, they exhibited low PA as well as unsatisfactory physical competence, knowledge, and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in PA. Although further research is needed for a comprehensive picture of PL correlates, our findings highlight the need for providing Greek children with ample opportunities to enhance their PL.Jamais vu is a phenomenon operationalised as the opposite of déjà vu, i.e. finding subjectively unfamiliar something that we know to be familiar. We sought to document that the subjective experience of jamais vu can be produced in word alienation tasks, hypothesising that déjà vu and jamais vu are similar experiential memory phenomena. Participants repeatedly copied words until they felt "peculiar", had completed the task, or had another reason to stop. About two-thirds of all participants (in about one-third of all trials) reported strange subjective experiences during the task. Participants reported feeling peculiar after about thirty repetitions, or one minute. We describe these experiences as jamais vu. This experimentally induced phenomenon was related to real-world experiences of unfamiliarity. Although we replicated known patterns of correlations with déjà vu (age and dissociative experiences), the same pattern was not found for our experimental analogue of jamais vu, suggesting some differences between the two phenomena.