Moreover, the effects were no longer significant when the duration of the training programme exceeded 20 weeks as well as when training frequency was lower than three times per week were found. CONCLUSION Strength training is effective in reducing both blood pressures (SBP-DBP). Training programmes, consisting of dynamic strength training without medication at a moderate intensity and with a frequency of three times per week, seem to be optimal in order to reduce blood pressure.Prospective register of Systematic Reviews CRD42019122421. Hypertension is a worldwide known cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, renal complications and heart failure. Although the mechanisms of hypertension remain largely unknown, a recent new concept is that aortic stiffening is a cause of hypertension in middle-aged and older individuals, which highlighted the importance of aortic stiffening in the development of age-related hypertension. Understanding the pathogenesis of aortic stiffness therefore became one of the important approaches to preventing and controlling hypertension. This review discusses the recent progress of the potential causes of aortic stiffening and its implication on the pathogenesis of hypertension, in terms of aging, inflammation, metabolic syndromes, neuroendocrine and the interaction among these causes.BACKGROUND Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) is widely used in epidemiological studies to assess central arterial stiffness. However, despite being superior to traditional risk factors in predicting cardiovascular outcomes, cfPWV is not routinely used in clinical practice. cfPWV assessments require applanation of the carotid artery, which can be cumbersome, and individual-level factors, including carotid artery plaque, may confound the measurements.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tat-beclin-1-tat-becn1.html  Heart-femoral PWV (hfPWV) may be a suitable alternative measure of central arterial stiffness. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to estimate the strength of the agreement between hfPWV and cfPWV. METHODS We evaluated 4133 older-aged [75.2 (5.0) years] African-American and white adults in the community-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. cfPWV and hfPWV were measured using an automated cardiovascular screening device. Agreement between the two measurements was determined using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), standard error of estimate (SEE) and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS There was a strong (r > 0.7) agreement between hfPWV and cfPWV (r = 0.83, 95% CI 0.82-0.84). Although the mean cfPWV [11.5 m/s (SD 3.0)] and hfPWV [11.5 m/s (SD 2.3)] were comparable, the SEE was 1.7 m/s. Inspection of the Bland-Altman plot revealed greater variability and bias for higher PWV values, with higher PWV further away from the regression line. DISCUSSION Findings suggest good agreement between hfPWV and cfPWV. hfPWV is a simpler alternative to cfPWV that is less likely to be confounded by individual-level factors. Considering the greater variability for higher PWV values, further work is warranted to determine the importance of local artery mechanics to both measures.OBJECTIVE Elevated blood pressure (BP) is associated with cardiovascular mortality. BP variability (BPV) is also associated with cardiovascular mortality. However, most studies evaluated hypertensive patients with a relatively short follow-up. We investigated in male workers the association between BPV and long-term all-cause and specific-cause mortality. METHODS Among 10 059 men, aged 40-65, tenured civil servants and municipal employees in Israel, 9398 participants who were examined in 1963, 1965 and 1968 had assessment of diabetic and coronary morbidity status and SBP levels. Participants underwent clinical and biochemical evaluations and BP measured in the recumbent position on the right arm. We conducted analysis for SD-SBP across study visits. Hazard ratios were calculated for 18 years all-cause mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke mortality associated with quintile of SD-SBP, with the lowest quintile serving as a reference. RESULTS Multivariate analysis yielded a significant association between SD-SBP and all-cause, CHD and stroke mortality. Age and SBP-adjusted hazard ratios of all-cause mortality was 1.02 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.90-1.17], 1.06 (95% CI, 0.94-1.20), 1.20 (95% CI, 1.06-1.35) and 1.36 (95% CI, 1.21-1.53) (for quintile 2-5, respectively). The results of CHD and stroke mortality similarly and strongly indicated increasing age-adjusted mortality risk with increasing SD-SBP. Further adjustment for smoking, BMI, diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease yielded similar results. CONCLUSION In this cohort of tenured male workers, BPV taken over 5 years was clearly associated with 18-year all-cause, CHD and stroke mortality.BACKGROUND Although HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) increase the risk for hypertension in people living with HIV (PLHIV), the global and regional burden of hypertension in PLHIV is not well characterized. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched multiple databases for studies reporting on hypertension in PLHIV and conducted between 2007 and 2018. Meta-analysis through random-effect models served to obtain the pooled prevalence estimates. Heterogeneity was assessed via the χ test on Cochran's Q statistic. RESULTS We included 194 studies (396 776 PLHIV from 61 countries). The global prevalence of hypertension was 23.6% [95% confidence interval (95% CI 21.6-25.5)] with substantial heterogeneity. The regional distribution was Western and Central Europe and North America [28.1% (95% CI 24.5-31.9)], West and Central Africa [23.5% (16.6-31.0)], Latin America and the Caribbean [22.0% (17.8-26.5)], Eastern and Southern Africa [19.9% (17.2-22.8)], and Asia and Pacific [16.5% (12.5-21.0)]; P = 0.0007. No study originated from the Middle East and North Africa, and Eastern Europe and Central Asia regions. The prevalence was higher in high-income countries than others (P = 0.0003) and higher in PLHIV taking ART than those ART-naive (P = 0.0003). The prevalence increased over time (mainly driven by Eastern and Southern Africa) and with age. There was no difference between men and women. We estimated that in 2018, there were 8.9 (95% CI 8.3-9.6) million cases of hypertension in PLHIV globally, among whom 59.2% were living in Sub-Saharan Africa. CONCLUSION Cost-effective strategies to curb the dreadful burden of hypertension among PLHIV are needed.