BACKGROUND Inflammation has a prominent role in cancer development and interleukin (IL)-33 has both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to measure IL-33 quantities and genetic alterations in the rs1929992 SNP within IL-33 gene in patients with prostate cancer (PC). METHODS This investigation was conducted on blood specimens from 150 newly diagnosed PC patients and 150 healthy age-matched controls. Serum IL-33 measurements and genotyping were performed by ELISA and PCR-RFLP, respectively. RESULTS Elevated IL-33 quantities were detected in PC patients compared with controls (P  less then  0.001). The PC patients with Gleason scores 7-10 displayed greater IL-33 quantities than those who had Gleason scores 1-6 (P  less then  0.001). Significant differences were found between PC stages regarding the IL-33 serum levels (P  less then  0.001). The frequencies of the genotype GG and allele G in rs1929992 SNP were higher, whereas the frequencies of the genotype AA and allele A were lower in PC patients, as compared with controls (P  less then  0.05, 0.01, P  less then  0.002 and P  less then  0.01, respectively). The genotype GG and allele G of rs1929992 SNP were associated with a greater risk of cancer development (OR 4.533; P  less then  0.001, and OR 1.516; P  less then  0.01, respectively). The IL-33 levels were not significantly different between the subjects carrier genotypes AA, AG and GG, or alleles A and G in rs1929992 SNP, neither in patients nor in controls. CONCLUSION Higher IL-33 quantities were found in patients with PC, especially in those with greater stages which raises the possiblity that IL-33 may contribute to PC progression. The rs1929992 SNP-related genotype GG and allele G were associated with an increased risk of cancer development.BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic hepatic inflammation is an important pathogenic mediator of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that contributes to disease severity. It is commonly suggested that autophagy dysfunction may be an underlying cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the exact role of autophagy in lipid metabolism remains controversial. There has been a growing interest in the role of folate supplementation for the treatment and/or prevention of NAFLD. We aimed in this study to investigate the effects of different doses of folate supplementation on several immune markers and autophagy trying to explore the complex role of IL-22 and autophagy in NAFLD. METHODS Fifty Wistar rats were randomly separated into experimental (n = 40) and control groups (n = 10), which were fed for eight weeks with a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 40% fats or a standard diet, respectively. The experimental group was further subdivided into four subgroups where the first subgroup was left untreated while the other three were treated with different doses of folate (50, 100, and 150 μg/kg of body weight, respectively). At the end of the experimental period, animals from each group were sacrificed for blood and tissue analyses. RESULTS NAFLD rats showed decreased IL-22 serum levels and increased LC3B expression as compared to controls. Folate treatment was significantly associated with improvement in disease parameters, reduced presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and CXCL8 and LC3B expression, and increased IL-22 levels in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These results highlight the capacity of folate to modulate the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and autophagy thereby having a favorable impact disease progression.This pilot study was designed to compare the levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a pro-inflammatory chemokine, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), non-inflammatory polyneuropathy (PNP), and other non-inflammatory neurological diseases (functional syndrome or migraine). The results show elevated CSF IL-8 levels in GBS compared to the other groups (p  less then  0.05). IL-8 could be considered a potential biomarker to differentiate GBS from CIDP. This distinction could be relevant in terms of therapeutic decisions and functional prognosis.INTRODUCTION Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic form of primary immunodeficiencies. Current research data show altered B cells, TLRs, and cytokine profile in CVID patients. The aim of this study was to determine levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in CVID patients in response to TLRs stimulation and the association of these cytokines with subtypes of B cells and response to Pneumovax-23 vaccination. METHOD Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of CIVD patients were stimulated with and without TLR2 and TLR4 agonist and specific inhibitors including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic (LTA), and OxPAPC. The levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were assessed by ELISA in different treatment groups.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2874455.html  Finally, association of cytokines levels was assessed among different subtypes of B cells and types of response to Pneumovax-23 vaccine. RESULTS Secretion of IL-6 and IL-1β was significantly diminished in CVID patients (p = 0.015 and p = 0.019), but ligand engagement of TLR2 and TLR4 leads to significant increase in IL-6 and IL-1β production. IL-6 was significantly lower in Pneumovax-23 hypo responder patients (p = 0.05) and significant correlations between the concentration of IL-6 and the number of switched memory and CD21low expressing B cells were found. CONCLUSION Secretion of IL-6 and IL-1β is abolished in CVID patients. However, TLR2 and TLR4 are hyper responsive to stimulation with their cognate ligands resulting in the secretion of higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines. This characteristic of CVID TLRs leads to an improvement of cytokine secretion compared to baseline levels. Also, our novel findings about the association concentrations of serum IL-6 and the frequency of with switched memory and CD21low expressing B cells as well as the poor response to Pneumovax-23 should be substantiated by the use of a higher sample size in future studies.