Operative mortality occurred in 9% (n=76) of patients. Patients of low SES had greater rates of acute symptoms, dissection, and urgent or emergency TAAA repair. However, lower SES was not an independent predictor of operative death. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling did not show a significant difference in mid-term survival by SES.
 
  In our TAAA series from a single, high-volume practice, SES differences did not appear to influence operative mortality rates. In addition, SES was not associated with a difference in mid-term survival. Efforts to understand and ameliorate the greater acuity of presentation in patients of low SES appear worthwhile.
 In our TAAA series from a single, high-volume practice, SES differences did not appear to influence operative mortality rates. In addition, SES was not associated with a difference in mid-term survival.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/smip34.html  Efforts to understand and ameliorate the greater acuity of presentation in patients of low SES appear worthwhile.
  The aim of this study was to disclose the differences of surgical outcomes between Marfan syndrome with mutations in fibrillin-1 gene and Loeys-Dietz syndrome with mutations in transforming growth factor-beta receptor 1 and 2.
 
  We reviewed 368 patients aged less than 50years who underwent surgery for thoracic aortic diseases between 1988 and 2019, and enrolled 99 patients with Marfan syndrome (26.9%; 57 men, 33±7.5years) and 24 patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome (6.5%; 13 men, 28±11years).
 
  Freedom from all causes of mortality was similar between the 2 groups (P=.40, log-rank). The cumulative incidence of reintervention was significantly lower in the Marfan syndrome group than in the Loeys-Dietz syndrome group (P=.016, Gray). The cumulative incidence of first aortic arch reoperation for aortic arch aneurysm was significantly lower in the Marfan syndrome group than in the Loeys-Dietz syndrome group (P<.001, Gray). The cumulative incidence of first aortic root reoperation for aortic root aneurysm (P=.57,arfan syndrome. Aggressive arch surgery in the initial operation on the proximal aorta is recommendable in Loeys-Dietz syndrome to avoid additional aortic events. In Marfan syndrome, this is controversial in patients without dissection because of a low possibility to expand.
  The leadless cardiac pacemaker is typically implanted percutaneously and has been widely used for patients who have already undergone valve surgery. We sought to determine the feasibility and safety of implanting the leadless pacemaker under direct visualization during valve surgery.
 
  We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive adult patients (n=15) who underwent implantation of a leadless pacemaker under direct visualization at the time of valve surgery. Indications for single-chamber pacing were sick sinus syndrome with pauses (53.3%), atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular rates (13.3%) or complete heart block (6.6%), and elevated risk for postoperative heart block (26.6%). Leadless pacemaker performance and pacing percentage were assessed.
 
  Patients' age was 67.5±17years, 6 patients (40%) were male, and 14 patients (93%) had atrial fibrillation. Isolated tricuspid valve replacement was performed in 5 patients (33.3%), and the remainder underwent multivalve surgery that included concomitant tricuspid valve repair/replacement. In 93% of the patients (n=14), the immediate post-cardiopulmonary bypass pacing thresholds were normal (≤2.0V at 0.24ms) and normalized in the remaining patient by the next morning. The impedance/sensing values were normal and stable through follow-up (151±119days) in all patients. Reliable leadless pacemaker performance allowed for deferral of temporary epicardial wires in 11 patients (73%). There were no procedural complications or device malfunction.
 
  Leadless cardiac pacemaker implantation during valve surgery is feasible and safe. This hybrid approach to pacing may simplify the perioperative management of patients undergoing valve surgery who have an indication for single-chamber pacing.
 Leadless cardiac pacemaker implantation during valve surgery is feasible and safe. This hybrid approach to pacing may simplify the perioperative management of patients undergoing valve surgery who have an indication for single-chamber pacing.
  Insufficient distance between membranous septum (MS) length and implant depth (ID) may aggravate mechanical compression of the conduction tissue by transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) prosthesis. We investigated the implication of MS length measured in the coronal view (coronal MS length) compared with infra-annular MS length from stretched vessel image to predict conduction disturbances following TAVR with CoreValve/Evolut R valves (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn).
 
  Among 195 consecutive patients undergoing TAVR with CoreValve/Evolut R valves, we evaluated coronal, infra-annular MS lengths and ID, as well as MS length minus ID (ΔMSID) using pre-TAVR computed tomography and postprocedural angiography.
 
  Within 30days, 6 (3.1%) required permanent pacemaker implantation and 31 (16.4%) developed left bundle branch block. When taking into account pre- and postprocedural parameters, multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed either coronal ΔMSID (odds ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-0.89; P<.001; cutoff point, 3.2mm) or infra-annular ΔMSID (odds ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-0.92; P<.001; cutoff point, -0.2mm) emerged as the only modifiable predictor of conduction disturbances. The area under the curve of coronal ΔMSID and infra-annular ΔMSID for predicting the occurrence of conduction disturbances were comparable (0.717 in coronal ΔMSID vs 0.708 in infra-annular ΔMSID; P=.761), but more patients could be guided by coronal MS length than infra-annular MS length (95.9% vs 87.2%; P=.002).
 
  Preprocedural assessment of MS length should be routinely adopted to determine the optimal ID to mitigate individual patient susceptibility to conduction disturbances after TAVR with self-expanding valves.
 Preprocedural assessment of MS length should be routinely adopted to determine the optimal ID to mitigate individual patient susceptibility to conduction disturbances after TAVR with self-expanding valves.