Benign tracheal stenosis is a common complication in patients followed up in intensive care units. We aimed to analyze the etiology, diagnostic approaches, treatment methods for benign tracheal stenosis, and the predicting factors for complications after tracheal resection for benign stenosis.
 
  Forty patients who underwent tracheal resection reconstruction due to benign tracheal stenosis were analyzed retrospectively. Predictive factors for complications were determined by statistical analysis.
 
  There were 23 patients (57.5%) in the intubation group, 11 patients (27.5%) in the tracheostomy group, and 6 patients (15%) in the subsequent tracheostomy group. Preoperatively, rigid dilatation was applied to all patients between 2 and 6 sessions (median=3). Tracheal resections were performed in all patients after rigid dilatations. The mean of the resected segment lengths is 32.1±8.8mm. There was a statistically significant difference between preoperative bronchoscopic measurements, preoperative tomography measu risk of anastomotic complications increases when the length of the resection increases and when the surgical experience is less.
  Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most commonly diagnosed differentiated thyroid carcinoma. There is controversy about performing upfront lobectomy vs thyroidectomy for smaller well differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
 
  A retrospective study from 2015 to 2020 was conducted consisting of consecutive patients with a preoperative malignant (Bethesda VI) cytology on fine needle aspirate (FNA) consistent with PTC. Specific ultrasonographic features such as taller than wide, hypoechogenicity, irregular margins, internal vascularity and microcalcifications were recorded. Criteria for exclusion was the presence of positive lymph nodes, extrathyroidal extension, familial thyroid carcinoma and bilateral disease detected preoperatively. Outcome was defined as a lobectomy being adequate treatment or a completion thyroidectomy recommended based on current 2015 ATA guidelines.
 
  Preoperative malignant cytological nodules (Bethesda VI) with irregular margins on sonography were significantly (p=0.025) at increased risk (OR=2.48) of requiring a completion thyroidectomy. There was also no statistically significant difference between groups when stratified by size with 50% of tumours between 1 and 2cm requiring a completion thyroidectomy.
 
  The presence of irregular margins on ultrasound predicts an increased risk of requiring a completion thyroidectomy. Specific consideration of this sonographic finding should be made when counselling patients who have cytologically confirmed papillary thyroid carcinoma regarding the best choice of thyroid operation.
 The presence of irregular margins on ultrasound predicts an increased risk of requiring a completion thyroidectomy. Specific consideration of this sonographic finding should be made when counselling patients who have cytologically confirmed papillary thyroid carcinoma regarding the best choice of thyroid operation.
  Tendon surgery in the pediatric foot and ankle could cause severe postoperative pain, which may lead to psychologic distress and chronic pain. This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of a peripheral nerve block (PNB) and local surgical site infiltration (LSI) in pediatric foot and ankle tendon surgery.
 
  Forty pediatric patients, who underwent foot and ankle tendon surgery were enrolled. Patients age 1-6 years old were allocated to group 1 and 7-15 years old were group 2. The popliteal-sciatic nerve block with 0.5% Bupivacaine (0.25ml/kg) for group 1A and 2A. Group 1B and 2B received 0.5% Bupivacaine (0.25ml/kg) local injection before wound closure. Pain score was recorded using CHEOPS in 1-6 years (Group1A, 1B), NRS in age 7-15 years (Group 2A, 2B). The post-operative morphine consumption and complications were recorded.
 
  For 7-15 years, pain score in group 2B was more than group 2A at postoperative 2 and 6h [Mean difference (95% CI); -3.4 (-6.4 to -0.3), and -2 (-4.4 to 0.5), respectively], and reached MCID of 2. The number of morphine consumption was significantly higher in group 2B at 0-6 and 6-12h post-operatively [Mean difference (95% CI); -0.8 (-1.4 to -0.2), and -0.6 (-1.1 to -0.1), respectively, with p-value<0.05]. For 1-6 years, there was no significant difference in pain score and number of postoperative morphine consumption.
 
  PNB and LSI provided effective pain management in patients aged 1-6 years old with no statistically significant difference. PNB showed significant superior pain control in patients aged 7-15 years old.
 PNB and LSI provided effective pain management in patients aged 1-6 years old with no statistically significant difference. PNB showed significant superior pain control in patients aged 7-15 years old.
  A lack of scientific information regarding the risk factors and diagnosis of peri-implant atypical femoral fracture (PI-AFF) exists. We report a case series of developed PI-AFF with a nail or plate construct wherein prior femoral fractures were already healed after osteosynthesis.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cb-839.html  This study aimed to identify the cause and risk factors of PI-AFF and to devise a preventive method based on this.
 
  We identified 11 PI-AFFs displaying features of AFFs. All patients were ambulant females (mean age, 74.9 years). The mean T-score of the femur measured by DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) scan was 3.5. Osteosynthesis was performed with a plate and an intramedullary nail in six and five patients, respectively. Possible risk factors were investigated, including the used implant, the medication of bisphosphonate, the characteristics of previous fracture (AFF or non-AFF), and the co-existence of AFF on the contralateral side.
 
  The PI-AFFs developed at an average of 6.6 years from the time of prior fracture. All ubtrochanteric or diaphyseal area due to femoral fragility and stress riser effect of the implant. An improved osteosynthesis strategy may be necessary to avoid PI-AFFs when fixing osteoporotic femoral fractures.
 PI-AFFs may develop through the screw hole at the subtrochanteric or diaphyseal area due to femoral fragility and stress riser effect of the implant. An improved osteosynthesis strategy may be necessary to avoid PI-AFFs when fixing osteoporotic femoral fractures.