α-Klotho is known for its aging-related functions and is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, accelerated aging, premature morbidity, and mortality. Recent literature suggests that α-Klotho is also involved in the regulation of mental functions, such as cognition and psychosis. While most of studies of α-Klotho are focusing on its anti-aging functions and protective role in dementia, increasing evidence showed many shared symptoms between depression and dementia, while depression has been proposed as the preclinical stage of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). To see whether and how α-Klotho can be a key biological link between depression and dementia, in this review, we first gathered the evidence on biological distribution and function of α-Klotho in psychiatric functions from animal studies to human clinical investigations with a focus on the regulation of cognition and mood.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mptp-hydrochloride.html  Then, we discussed and highlighted the potential common underlying mechanisms of α-Klotho between psychiatric diseases and cognitive impairment. Finally, we hypothesized that α-Klotho might serve as a neurobiological link between depression and dementia through the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation.Considering the financial connections between sport and the gambling industry, more should be learned about gambling and problem gambling in this setting. This study explores how male athletes, coaches, and sports managers experience gambling activities and problems in their sports. Interviews were conducted with 30 male elite athletes, coaches, and managers in four sports. The interviews were analysed using content analysis, and the results indicated two main themes 1) desire for and concerns with money and 2) in the shadow of performance, and three categories. The first main theme emerged as a result of the respondents recurring reference to money as the reason to different actions It is important to win money,'too little' or 'too much' money is described as reason for gambling, athletes status is affected by money and sponsor money from the gambling companies are considered important. 'In the shadow of the performance' captures the reason to and value of performance The thrill and money are rewards for the gambling performance, everyday sporting life emphasizes performance both in training and matches. Lack of successful performance is perceived as a threat and evokes a fear of being seen as weak and being ejected from the team. This study identifies gambling as normalized within male elite sport. Preventing gambling problems calls for action at all levels of the involved socio-ecological framework. Management, coaches, and athletes need more knowledge of gambling and how to create a sustainable framework to prevent gambling problems.
  Healthcare professionals need to know the degree of disability and severity of their patients to determine actions and therapy needed to minimize potential harm, improve their patient condition, and maximize clinical outcomes.
 
  To evaluate the occurrence and severity of neck disability in individuals with muscular, joint, and mixed temporomandibular disorder (TMD).
 
  Cross-sectional study with individuals divided into four groups muscular TMD (n=20), joint TMD (n=20), mixed TMD (n=20) and control (n=20). For diagnosis and classification of TMD, it was used the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and to assess the severity of neck dysfunction the Neck Disability Index (NDI).
 
  Moderate neck disability was frequent in all individuals with TMD; high scores of neck disability index were evidenced in the mixed and joint TMD groups; there was a moderate positive correlation between the severity of neck disability and TMD severity (r=0.7; CI=0.32-0.78; p<0.03).
 
  The gravity of neck disability and the severity of TMD are directly proportional in the group of individuals with mixed TMD.
 The gravity of neck disability and the severity of TMD are directly proportional in the group of individuals with mixed TMD.Atrial fibrillation (AF) is considered a significant challenge in cardiovascular medicine related to significant morbidity and mortality. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with stroke and constitutes an important risk factor for AF. However, it is still ambiguous whether OSA is independently related to stroke or systemic embolism in AF patients, and whether or not OSA should be included in CHA2DS2-VASc score. In a recent study, the presence of OSA in patients with AF was associated with higher rates of adverse events, namely stroke and systemic embolism. Patients with OSA have higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores and mean CHA2DS2-VASc scores that increase with OSA severity. The addition of OSA to CHA2DS2-VASc resulted in improved discrimination, but this improvement was modest and clinically non-significant. However, cardiovascular risk factors that accompany OSA and not OSA per se might be responsible for the increased thromboembolic risk in these patients. It is noteworthy that patients with OSA with CHA2DS2-VASc less then 2 had a higher incidence of stroke compared to those without. Unfortunately, the event rates for stroke in these patients were too low to reach statistically validated conclusions. Therefore, it seems reasonable to suggest that in borderline stroke risk patients (CHA2DS2-VASc less then 2), the presence of OSA should be taken into account in the treatment decision. More studies are needed to elucidate whether or not OSA should be incorporated in CHA2DS2-VASc score.Heart valves function in one of the most mechanically demanding environments in the body to ensure unidirectional blood flow. The resident valve interstitial cells respond to this mechanical environment and maintain the structure and integrity of the heart valve tissues to preserve homeostasis. While the mechanics of organ-tissue-cell heart valve function has progressed, the intracellular signaling network downstream of mechanical stimuli has not been fully elucidated. This has hindered efforts to both understand heart valve mechanobiology and rationally identify drug targets for treating valve disease. In the present work, we review the current literature on VIC mechanobiology and then propose mechanistic mathematical modeling of the mechanically-stimulated VIC signaling response to comprehend the coupling between VIC mechanobiology and valve mechanics.