https://www.selleckchem.com/products/muvalaplin.html OBJECTIVE Clarify associations between diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and deployment traumatic brain injury (TBI) on salient regional brain volumes in returning combat veterans. PARTICIPANTS Iraq and Afghanistan era combat veterans, N = 163, 86.5% male. MAIN MEASURES Clinician-administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-5), Mid-Atlantic MIRECC Assessment of TBI (MMA-TBI), magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Hierarchical regression analyses evaluated associations and interactions between current and lifetime PTSD diagnosis, deployment TBI, and bilateral volume of hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, precuneus, and insula. RESULTS Deployment TBI was associated with lower bilateral hippocampal volume (P = .007-.032) and right medial orbitofrontal cortex volume (P = .006). Neither current nor lifetime PTSD diagnosis was associated with volumetric outcomes beyond covariates and deployment TBI. CONCLUSION History of deployment TBI is independently associated with lower volumes in hippocampus and medial orbitofrontal cortex. These results support TBI as a potential contributing factor to consider in reduced cortical volume in PTSD.OBJECTIVE Lack of evidence for efficacy and safety of treatment and limited clinical guidance have increased potential for undertreatment of depression following traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study among individuals newly diagnosed with depression from 2008 to 2014 to assess the impact of TBI on receipt of treatment for incident depression using administrative claims data. We created inverse probability of treatment-weighted populations to evaluate the impact of TBI on time to receipt of antidepressants or psychotherapy following new depression diagnosis during 24 months post-TBI or matched index date (non-TBI cohort). RESULTS Of 10 428 individuals with incident depression in the TBI cohort, 44.7% received 1 or