n of trace hemothoraces or a delayed presentation of hemothoraces. Asymptomatic progression or readmission to other services/hospitals likely occurs and true dHTX rates are likely higher. Our preliminary findings suggest a possible anatomic explanation for severe chest wall injury patterns' association with dHTX. Further characterization and capturing the true incidence of dHTX first requires wider recognition of this complication.
  To evaluate the functional benefits (best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield thickness, injection loads, central venous pressure (CVP)) of a laser-induced chorioretinal anastomosis (L-CRA) in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) treated with ranibizumab compared with ranibizumab monotherapy.
 
  This is a post-hoc analysis of the 2-year randomised ranibizumab plus L-CRA for CRVO trial. Twenty-four patients (82.5%) developed a functioning or successful L-CRA; outcome effects were monitored in the monthly as-needed ranibizumab phase from months 7 to 24 and compared with the ranibizumab monotherapy group (n=29).
 
  From months 7 to 24, the mean (95% CI) injection load for the functioning L-CRA group was 2.18 (1.57 to 2.78) compared with 7.07 (6.08 to 8.06) for the control group (p<0.0001). The mean BCVA was averaged across all timepoints between the control and functioning L-CRA groups (average difference=11.46 (3.16 to 19.75) letters, p=0.01). At 2 years, there was an 82.5% reduction in the odds of high CVP (greater or equal to central retinal artery diastolic pressure) for those with a successful L-CRA compared with controls (p<0.0001).
 
  For patients with CRVO, adding L-CRA as a causal-based treatment to conventional therapy reduced CVP and injection loads and offered improved BCVA.
  ACTRN12612000004864.
 For patients with CRVO, adding L-CRA as a causal-based treatment to conventional therapy reduced CVP and injection loads and offered improved BCVA.Trial registration number ACTRN12612000004864.
  An ongoing third epidemic of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is contributed largely by developing nations. We describe a cohort of infants in a single neonatal unit where two limits of oxygen saturation were administered, to show real-world outcomes from trend in neonatology for higher oxygen to improve survival.
 
  This retrospective, comparative study of prospectively collected data in an ROP screening programme included infants indicated by gestational age ≤32 weeks, birth weight <1501 g, ventilation for 7 days or requiring oxygen >1 month, who underwent dilated fundoscopic examination from age 4 weeks, every 2 weeks until full retinal vascularisation. Infants with ROP were examined weekly and treated where indicated. Data were divided into two epochs. Epoch 1 oxygen saturation targets were [88-92%], epoch 2 targets [90-95% (99%)] with allowance of increase to 20% for several hours after procedures. Outcome measures included development of ROP, treatment, mortality, sepsis and intraventricular haemorrhage.
 
  A total of 651 infants underwent examination between 2003 and 2016. The incidence of ROP in epoch 1 was 29.1% and epoch 2 was 29.3% (p=0.24). ROP progression doubled in epoch 2 (5 vs 11%, p=0.006), proportion of cases treated halved (14% vs 6%, p=0.0005), sepsis was halved (78.5% vs 41.2%, p<0.0001) and intraventricular haemorrhage doubled (20.2% vs 43.8%, p=0.0001) in epoch 2. Mortality was 4% and 0% in epochs 1 and 2, respectively.
 
  Incidence of ROP did not differ, although ROP cases that worsened doubled with higher oxygen targets. ROP cases requiring treatment decreased, as did sepsis and mortality. Intraventricular haemorrhage cases doubled.
 Incidence of ROP did not differ, although ROP cases that worsened doubled with higher oxygen targets. ROP cases requiring treatment decreased, as did sepsis and mortality. Intraventricular haemorrhage cases doubled.
  The classification of retinal detachment is currently still based on many objective criteria such as duration of symptoms and funduscopic macular status, which leaves some important questions unanswered.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html  The most important factor is the macular status, which is determined using direct or indirect ophthalmoscopy. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become a standard tool in clinical practice and enables detecting the exact extent of subretinal fluid in macula-off/on retinal detachment. We introduce a new and simple OCT-based grading system for macular detachment to provide a basis for further investigations to determine the optimal timing for surgery.
 
  We retrospectively included 155 patients who were treated for retinal detachment. We defined the extent of the macular detachment in six stages based on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid of the OCT scan.The outermost ring of the ETDRS grid was defined as zone 1, the middle ring as zone 2 and the inner ring as zone 3. Only zone 3 dsurgical intervention. A secondary benefit of this grading system would be that it improves predicting postoperative visual acuity.
  In parallel to the clinical maturation of heart transplantation over the last 50 years, rejection testing has been revolutionized within the systems biology paradigm triggered by the Human Genome Project.
 
  We have co-developed the first FDA-cleared diagnostic and prognostic leukocyte gene expression profiling biomarker test in transplantation medicine that gained international evidence-based medicine guideline acceptance to rule out moderate/severe acute cellular cardiac allograft rejection without invasive endomyocardial biopsies. This work prompted molecular re-classification of intragraft biology, culminating in the identification of a pattern of intragraft myocyte injury, in addition to acute cellular rejection and antibody-mediated rejection. This insight stimulated research into non-invasive detection of myocardial allograft injury. The addition of a donor-organ specific myocardial injury marker based on donor-derived cell-free DNA further strengthens the non-invasive monitoring concept, combining the clinical use of two complementary non-invasive blood-based measures, host immune activity-related risk of acute rejection as well as cardiac allograft injury.
 
  This novel complementary non-invasive heart transplant monitoring strategy based on leukocyte gene expression profiling and donor-derived cell-free DNA that incorporates longitudinal variability measures provides an exciting novel algorithm of heart transplant allograft monitoring. This algorithm's clinical utility will need to be tested in an appropriately designed randomized clinical trial which is in preparation.
 This novel complementary non-invasive heart transplant monitoring strategy based on leukocyte gene expression profiling and donor-derived cell-free DNA that incorporates longitudinal variability measures provides an exciting novel algorithm of heart transplant allograft monitoring. This algorithm's clinical utility will need to be tested in an appropriately designed randomized clinical trial which is in preparation.