BACKGROUND Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) remains the major complication limiting long-term survival of patients after lung transplantation. We aimed to explore the effects of the selective Nlrp3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 on the pathogenesis of OB. METHODS Mouse orthotopic tracheal transplants were performed to mimic OB. MCC950 (50 mg/kg) or saline was intraperitoneally injected daily. The luminal occlusion rate and collagen deposition were evaluated by HE and Masson's trichrome staining, respectively. Infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ T cells and neutrophils was detected with immunohistochemical staining. The frequencies of Th1, Th17, and Treg cells were measured by flow cytometry. Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA kits. RESULTS MCC950 treatment significantly inhibited Nlrp3 inflammasome activation after allogeneic tracheal transplant and markedly decreased the luminal occlusion rate and collagen deposition in the allograft. The numbers of infiltrating CD4+, CD8+ T cells and neutrophils in the allograft were also significantly reduced by MCC950 treatment. MCC950 dramatically decreased the frequencies of Th1/Th17 cells and the levels of IFN-γ/IL-17A and increased the Treg cell frequencies and IL-10 level; however, these effects were abolished by the addition of IL-1β and IL-18 both in vitro and in vivo. OB was also rescued by the addition of IL-1β and/or IL-18. CONCLUSIONS Blocking Nlrp3 inflammasome activation with MCC950 ameliorates OB lesions. The mechanistic analysis showed that MCC950 regulated the balance of Th1/Th17 and Treg cells and that this process is partially mediated by inhibition of IL-1β and IL-18. Therefore, targeting the Nlrp3 inflammasome is a promising strategy for controlling OB after lung transplantation.In this case report, we describe a unique case of Haemophilus influenzae type A meningitis in a 7-month-old previously healthy girl that presented with an isolated cranial nerve (oculomotor) palsy without other signs and symptoms classically associated with this entity such as fever, meningismus, or a generally ill appearance. Oculomotor nerve abnormalities are rare in pediatrics. Congenital oculomotor palsy is the most common cause followed by trauma, infection, inflammatory conditions, neoplasm, aneurysm or other vascular events, and ophthalmoplegic migraines, respectively. Therefore, had it not been for the unusual magnetic resonance imaging findings identified in this patient prompting an extensive infectious workup with lumbar puncture, the diagnosis and treatment of meningitis may have been delayed further or missed all together. This fact emphasizes the importance of maintaining a broad differential when children present with neurologic abnormalities such as cranial nerve palsies.Metabolic and bariatric surgical procedures have increased in the pediatric-age population over the past decade. Three operations, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, vertical sleeve gastrectomy, and Roux-en Y gastric bypass, are the most commonly performed procedures for weight reduction. This article will examine the specifics of each procedure along with the complications associated with any metabolic or bariatric surgery. Complications unique to each operation will be reviewed as well as recommendations for the management of these patients.OBJECTIVES The emergency department is considered the backbone of the medical service offered in any hospital. Yet, the data on the frequency of pediatric hematological presentation is scanty. Anemia occurs in 9% to 14% of pediatric emergency department (ED) patients. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency affects more than 400 million people worldwide. Unfortunately, we do not have screening program for G6PD deficiency in Egypt. The aim of this study is to assess the burden of hemolytic crisis among Egyptian children visiting ED.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Decitabine.html  METHODS This is a prospective cross-sectional study among children presenting with acute hemolytic crisis in the ED of New Children Hospital, Cairo University from March to June 2016. Cases underwent full history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory tests based on clinical judgment of the resident. We categorized the presenting hemolytic anemias into 3 groups G6PD deficiency, acute hemolysis in previously diagnosed patients with chronic hemolytic anemia, and acute undiagnosed hemolytic anemia. RESULTS Our study included 143 patients, 109 males (76.22%) and 34 females (23.76%), with a mean age 36 months (range, 3-188 months), who presented with hemolytic anemia in the ED. Seventy-six cases (53.1%) were diagnosed as G6PD deficiency, 36 (25.2%) were diagnosed as chronic hemolytic anemia, and 31 (21.7%) were diagnosed as undiagnosed acute hemolytic anemia. CONCLUSIONS Hemolytic anemia is very common presentation in ED. G6PD deficiency is the most common cause, representing 53.1% of the hemolytic anemia.OBJECTIVE Racial discrimination experiences are common among youth with an ethnic minority background and such experiences affect health. Stress-sensitive systems like the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis have been proposed as one mechanism. HPA-axis activity, measured through daily patterns of salivary cortisol, is altered among individuals who experience discrimination. We know little about the day-to-day processes by which discrimination experiences become embodied in stress biology. The HPA-axis is responsive to negative social-evaluative (NSE) emotion. The present study investigated whether NSE emotions are a pathway by which discrimination dysregulates HPA-axis functioning as measured by cortisol levels. METHODS Perceived discrimination, diurnal cortisol and changes in NSE emotion were assessed in a sample of 102 young adults. Emotions and cortisol were measured across the day for seven consecutive days in naturalistic settings. Multilevel modeling and regression analyses were used to examine average and day-to-day associations between discrimination, NSE emotion, and cortisol. Mediation as well as specificity analyses were conducted. RESULTS Discrimination was associated with NSE emotion (β = .34, p = .001). Day-to-day changes (β = .10, p = .002) and average levels (β = .03, p = .013) of NSE emotion was associated with dysregulated cortisol. NSE emotion mediated the association between discrimination and diurnal cortisol slopes (β = .10, [95% CI = .01, .21]). Findings were robust for covariates including stressful life events, more pronounced for NSE emotion compared to negative affect at the day-level, similar for NSE emotion and general negative affect at the person-level, and were specific to cortisol slopes. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that daily NSE and average negative emotions are important pathways by which racial discrimination gets under the skin, or is embodied, in stress biology.