A 2012 publication regarding the surgical management of pediatric lateral humeral condyle fractures (PLHCF) found that leaving pins exposed produced an average savings of $3442 per patient compared to burying pins, with fewer complications. The primary objective of this present study was to determine the impact of this cost analysis on surgeons' treatment preferences at the same hospital. The secondary aim was to verify that leaving pins exposed continued to be a cost-effective and safe treatment strategy. We reviewed all PLHCF treated with open reduction and internal fixation at our institution between 2004 and 2017. The Clavien-Dindo Classification was used to grade complications. Variations in treatment course were evaluated using a chi-squared test to compare the proportions of buried and exposed pins, pre- and postcost analysis report publication. Two hundred forty-eight patients were included. The mean age was 5.9 years (range 1-12 years). In 174 (70%) cases, the pins were buried and in the remaining 30% the pins were exposed. Between 2004 and 2012, the majority of pins were buried (90%) compared to between 2013 and 2017, when the majority of pins were exposed (62%) (P less then 0.001).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/glutathione.html  There was no difference detected in complication rate (P = 0.75) or complication severity (P = 0.61) across groups. The demonstrated cost-effectiveness of exposing the pins in the treatment of PLHCF has had a statistically significant impact on surgeon behavior at our institution. Publishing cost analysis research can change physician practice to improve quality, safety and value of care delivery.BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is essential in order to reduce slip severity and subsequent risk of sequelae. The aims of this study were to evaluate patients' and doctors' delay in SCFE diagnosis and to identify possible factors leading to delay. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of medical charts and a personal interview with 54 consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of stable SCFE at three hospitals in Sweden between 2001 and 2009. Data on symptom duration, symptomatology, medical visits and type of medical contacts were retrieved. Slip angle (Southwick head-shaft angle) was measured. RESULTS Median total delay from onset of symptoms to surgery was 26 weeks (range 1-109). Patients' delay was significantly longer than doctors' delay 10 weeks (range 1-57) vs. 4 weeks (range 0-57) (P=0.002). Boys had significantly longer patients' delay than girls (13 vs. 6 weeks, P=0.021) but not doctors' delay. Children with dominance of knee pain had significantly longer doctors' delay (14 vs. 4 weeks, P=0.002) but not patients' delay. As expected, the total delay duration correlated with slip severity (R=0.59, P less then 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate considerable delay in diagnosis of SCFE in Sweden, although the major cause is patients' delay. Boys and children with dominance of knee pain are more likely to be diagnosed late. Efforts to increase the awareness of SCFE directed to both the general society and healthcare providers are necessary to improve future outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III. Retrospective comparative study.Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion (PSF) usually require surveillance in the pediatric ICU (PICU). Some reports have documented evidence of hypomagnesemia following PSF at PICU. Little has been studied about relationship between AIS and postoperative serum magnesium (Mg+2) levels. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and risk factors of hypomagnesemia in AIS patients admitted to PICU after PSF. IRB approved the cross-sectional study of AIS patients admitted to PICU after PSF from January 2016 to May 2017. Serum electrolyte levels of phosphorous, calcium, sodium, potassium and hemoglobin were taken preoperative and 24 h postoperative and compared with postoperative magnesium levels. Blood volume reinfused from cell saver return (CSR), estimated blood loss (EBL), volume of fluids intraoperative and average of vertebra levels operated were charted and compared with postoperative magnesium levels. A total of 46 AIS patients undergoing PSF met inclusion criteria, with an average age of 15 years (78% female). Postoperatively, hypomagnesemia was reported in 24/46 patients (53%). No association was found between hypomagnesemia and serum electrolyte (phosphorous, calcium, sodium and potassium) or hemoglobin levels. In addition, no statistical association was found with age, operative time, vertebrae level fused, CSR, EBL and volume of fluids intraoperatively. Fifty-three percent of pediatric patients developed hypomagnesemia after surgical correction for AIS. Further investigation of this electrolyte disturbance will likely result in a useful clinical tool for physician in the management of AIS.PURPOSE OF REVIEW Perioperative management of antiplatelet agents (APAs) in the setting of noncardiac surgery is a controversial topic of balancing bleeding versus thrombotic risks. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data do not support a clear association between continuation or discontinuation of APAs and rates of ischemic events, bleeding complications, and mortality up to 6 months after surgery. Clinical factors, such as indication and urgency of the operation, time since stent placement, invasiveness of the procedure, preoperative cardiac optimization, underlying functional status, as well as perioperative control of supply-demand mismatch and bleeding may be more responsible for adverse outcome than antiplatelet management. SUMMARY Perioperative management of antiplatelet therapy (APT) should be individually tailored based on consensus among the anesthesiologist, cardiologist, surgeon, and patient to minimize both ischemic/thrombotic and bleeding risks. Where possible, surgery should be delayed for a minimum of 1 month but ideally for 3-6 months from the index cardiac event. If bleeding risk is acceptable, dual APT (DAPT) should be continued perioperatively; otherwise P2Y12 inhibitor therapy should be discontinued for the minimum amount of time possible and aspirin monotherapy continued. If bleeding risk is prohibitive, both aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitor therapy should be interrupted and bridging therapy may be considered in patients with high thrombotic risk.