OBJECTIVE We describe the effectiveness of the Jigsaw method in the instruction of residents in difficulty airway management. DESIGN The residents were given a pre-Jigsaw instruction test and a self-assessment of their skills for bag-mask ventilation, Intubation, cricothyrotomy, and tracheostomy. After the completing the pre-test, they were randomly assigned tasks from A-D, with each letter corresponding to a section of reading from Cumming's Otolaryngology and related questions. The residents were given ten minutes to read their portion of the article, and then another ten minutes to discuss their section with others assigned the same responsibilities, thereby becoming "experts." Then, the "experts" were assigned to a second group where they had ten minutes to teach their peers their designated material and learned from their peers the other designated material. A skill simulation lab was then performed involving intubation, cricothyrotomy, and tracheotomy. The residents were then given a post-Jigsaw instruction test and post simulation lab selfassessment of their skills for bag-mask ventilation, intubation, cricothyrotomy and tracheotomy. SETTING Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University. PARTICIPANTS General surgery, otolaryngology, plastic surgery, and oral and maxillofacial surgery residents. RESULTS Post-Jigsaw tests scores a statistically significant increase in the number of correctly answered questions (P less then 0.001) and residents reported a statistically significant increase in confidence in performing difficult airway skills. CONCLUSIONS The Jigsaw method of learning is an effective alternative to tradition lecture-based methods. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to understand how cadaveric simulation impacts learning in orthopedic residents, why it is a useful training tool, and how skills learnt in the simulated environment translate into the workplace. DESIGN This is a qualitative research study using in-depth, semistructured interviews with orthopedic residents who underwent an intensive cadaveric simulation training course. SETTING The study was conducted at the University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, a tertiary care center with integrated cadaveric training laboratory in England, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Orthopedic surgery residents in the intervention group of a randomized controlled trial comparing intensive cadaveric simulation training with standard "on the job" training were invited to participate. Eleven of 14 eligible residents were interviewed (PGY 3-6, 8 male and 3 female). RESULTS Learning from cadaveric simulation can be broadly categorized into intrinsic, surgeon-driven factors, and extrinsic envirlation training by "stirring into practice" and "becoming through doing." In providing ultrarealistic representation of the space, ritualism, and costuming of the operating theater, cadaveric simulation training also enabled the development of a range of nontechnical skills and sociocultural "nontechnical" lessons of surgery. CONCLUSIONS Cadaveric simulation enhances learning in both technical and nontechnical skills in junior orthopedic residents within a single training package. Direct transfer of skills learnt in the simulation training to the real-world operating theater, with consequent patient benefit, was reported. Cadaveric simulation in the UK training system of orthopedics may be of greatest utility at around the PGY 4 stage, at which point operative fluency, independence, and confidence can be rapidly improved in the cadaveric laboratory, to enable the attainment of competence in index trauma operations. BACKGROUND Older adults with cancer often require multiple medications including cancer-specific treatments and supportive care medications (e.g. analgesics), as well as medications for pre-existing medical conditions. Increasing numbers of medications pose risks of potentially inappropriate prescribing, drug-drug interactions and drug-disease interactions. The burden of treatment (i.e. the workload of healthcare and its impact on patient functioning and well-being) may also negatively affect the way patients take their medications.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rbn-2397.html  Non-adherence to medication in patients with cancer is associated with treatment failure and increased healthcare costs. Therefore, it is crucial that medicines are optimised for older adults with cancer to enhance appropriate prescribing, reduce the complexity of treatment regimens and minimise the risk of non-adherence. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of evaluations of interventions aimed at optimising medication prescribing and/or adherence in older adults with cancer. METHODSnce in older adults with cancer. The review findings will help to identify research gaps and highlight areas to explore further in future research. The delivery of healthcare in most developed countries is under increasing pressure. Ageing populations with increasingly complex needs, coupled with financial constraints and imbalances in workforce, mean that healthcare policies look to contain cost and utilise resource as effectively as possible. Self-care is now widely advocated as a mechanism to manage acute presentations with pharmacy identified as a key resource to support such policy. Pharmacy teams are ideally positioned to facilitate the management of patients who present with acute illness. However, current evidence suggests that patient assessment and establishing a differential diagnosis could be better. It appears that how pharmacists are taught at Schools of Pharmacy adopts a protocol driven approach, which assumes presentation of low acuity conditions, and we argue that this method must be replaced with a curriculum that adopts clinical reasoning. This paper sets out the process of clinical reasoning and how the profession could embrace this as a better model in establishing a diagnosis. BACKGROUND Internationally, community pharmacists play a key role in public health services. In Japan, a new system called Health Support Pharmacy (HSP) was introduced in 2016, to promote responsible self-medication with non-prescription medicines and increase awareness of public health activities provided through community pharmacies. The number of HSP services provided has been increasing; however, the service quality varies depending on pharmacies and/or pharmacists. Thus, it is important to identify factors that influence HSP service quality. OBJECTIVE To identify factors that can impact on the quality of HSP services provided by community pharmacists in Japan. METHODS In-depth semi-structured online interviews were conducted with twenty-four community pharmacists from across Japan. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed. All themes identified were deductively categorised into 3 domains using Donabedian's framework of structure, process and outcome. RESULTS Participants identified 8 key themes and 23 sub-themes pertaining to the quality of pharmacy public health services.