further investigations are necessary.
  To compare the outcomes of miniaturised percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL) and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the management of 10-20mm, non-lower pole, renal stones.
 
  This prospective randomised double-arm trial was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Egypt from February to December 2020. Adult patients with single, non-lower pole, high-density (≥1000HU) renal stones were randomised to receive mini-PCNL or ESWL. The stone-free rate (SFR); operative, fluoroscopy and hospitalisation times; blood loss; auxiliary procedures; retreatment; unscheduled hospital readmission; and complications were compared between the groups.
 
  The primary analysis included 34 patients in the mini-PCNL group and 33 in the ESWL group. Overall, the SFR was 97.1% in the mini-PCNL group vs 30.3% in the ESWL group (P<0.001). All patients in the ESWL group required retreatment, and none of them were stone-free after the first ESWL session. None of the patients in the mini-PCNL group required retreatment. The overall operative time, fluoroscopy time, auxiliary procedure, retreatment, and unscheduled hospital readmission were significantly higher in the ESWL group. The hospital stay and decrease in the haemoglobin level were significantly higher in the mini-PCNL group. The groups were comparable for the overall complication rate.
 
  Mini-PCNL is more effective than ESWL for treating 10-20mm, high-density, non-lower pole renal stones. Mini-PCNL has the advantages of a high SFR and abolishing the need for retreatment and re-hospitalisation.
 Mini-PCNL is more effective than ESWL for treating 10-20 mm, high-density, non-lower pole renal stones.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/amg-232.html  Mini-PCNL has the advantages of a high SFR and abolishing the need for retreatment and re-hospitalisation.COVID-19 has significant case fatality. Glucocorticoids are the only treatment shown to improve survival, but only among patients requiring supplemental oxygen. WHO advises patients to seek medical care for "trouble breathing," but hypoxemic patients frequently have no respiratory symptoms. Our cohort study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients shows that respiratory symptoms are uncommon and not associated with mortality. By contrast, objective signs of respiratory compromise-oxygen saturation and respiratory rate-are associated with markedly elevated mortality. Our findings support expanding guidelines to include at-home assessment of oxygen saturation and respiratory rate in order to expedite life-saving treatments patients to high-risk COVID-19 patients.
  Postmenopausal nocturia is poorly understood. This study aimed to identify hormonal and lifestyle factors associated with nocturia and to understand the relative contribution of altered urine production and bladder storage dysfunction in women.
 
  Women ≥40years presenting to public continence services were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. A total of 153 participants completed a hormone status questionnaire, a validated nocturia causality screening tool and a 3-day bladder diary. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models for nocturia severity and bladder diary parameters were computed.
 
  Overall, 91.5% reported nocturia, 55% ≥2 /night. There was a difference of 167.5ml (P<0.001) in nocturnal urine volume between women with nocturia ≥2 (median 736ml) versus less often (517ml). Significant predictors of self-reported disruptive nocturia were age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% CI 1.002-1.073) and vitamin D supplementation (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.11-4.91). Nocturnal polyuria was significantly more common with nocturia ≥2 compared with less frequent nocturia (P<0.002). Exercise for 150minutes a week was protective for nocturnal polyuria (OR 0.22, P=0.001). Nocturia index >1.3 was significantly predicted by age (OR 1.07, P<0.001), regular exercise (OR 0.41, P=0.036), day flushes (OR 4.00, P=0.013) and use of vitamin D (OR 2.34, P=0.043). Maximum voided volumes were significantly lower with nocturia ≥2 versus less often (night 268ml versus 350ml; day 200ml versus 290ml).
 
  Bothersome nocturia in postmenopausal women is associated with changes to both nocturnal diuresis and bladder storage. Regular physical activity, prolapse reduction and oestrogen replacement may be adjunctive in managing bothersome nocturia in women.
 Bothersome nocturia in postmenopausal women is associated with changes to both nocturnal diuresis and bladder storage. Regular physical activity, prolapse reduction and oestrogen replacement may be adjunctive in managing bothersome nocturia in women.
  To quantify familial risk of endometriosis among full siblings and examine interactions between family history and smoking, age at menarche or body mass index (BMI).
 
  Population-based nationwide cohort study.
 
  Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance and Screening Programme databases on kinship, healthcare utilisation, lifestyle and anthropometrics, we identified 2109288 women with full siblings and their environmental risk factors from 2002 to 2018. Familial risks were estimated using Cox proportional-hazards models, represented as incidence risk ratios (IRR) with 95% CI. Interaction between family history and smoking, age at menarche or BMI were assessed on an additive scale.
 
  IRR of endometriosis among women with and without affected siblings.
 
  From 19195 women with affected siblings, 1126 developed endometriosis with an incidence of 35.45/10000 person-years. Familial risk of endometriosis with versus without affected siblings was increased to IRR 2.75 (95% CI 2.25-3.36), and the highest risk was with affected twins (IRR 6.98; 95% CI 4.19-11.62). Women with both a family history and either smoking, early menarche or low BMI had a significantly higher risk of endometriosis compared with the general population and can be regarded as a high-risk group, the IRRs were 4.28 (95% CI 2.43-7.55), 3.47 (95% CI 2.82-4.26) and 3.09 (95% CI 2.68-3.56), respectively. Substantial effect modification of the associations was noted by smoking and early menarche, as their combined risk with family history exceeded the sum of their individual risks, which was also statistically significant.
 
  Genetic factors are the primary contributor to the familial aggregation of endometriosis. Significant gene-environment interaction exists between family history and smoking or early menarche.
 Genetic factors are the primary contributor to the familial aggregation of endometriosis. Significant gene-environment interaction exists between family history and smoking or early menarche.