The latest threat to global health is the form of the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBF1120.html  This new coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) started as a local outbreak in Wuhan, China but soon tightened its grip on human lives around the globe. So far, we do not have a particularly effective anti-SARS-COV-2 vaccine or antiviral agent against COVID-19. Across the globe, many research organizations such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States are studying and testing various drugs and vaccines for their effectiveness against SARS-COV-2. Currently, the principle fighting tool being promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the prevention of acquiring SARS-COV-2 infection by following basic health hygiene rules and social distancing. We hereby discuss major non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions.
  Etiological factors involved in chronic prostatitis (CP) type IIIb and chronic pelvic pain are not sufficiently understood; however, the nervous system has a significant role in the generation and maintenance of chronic pelvic pain. This study was designed to evaluate the sympathetic skin response (SSR) in men with CP type IIIb compared to normal population.
 
  For two years, about 14 patients suffering from CP type IIIb according to NIH-CPSI and 26 healthy control men were enrolled in this study. SSR was performed in all the subjects with a standard method. Bilateral palmar and plantar latency and amplitude of SSR were recorded in response to the median and tibial nerve electrical stimulations. SSR is considered abnormal when the latency is prolonged, and the amplitude reduced.
 
  SSR latency in the left and right median nerve was significantly prolonged in the patient with CP type IIIb group compared to the control group (p=0.039 and 0.006, respectively). Additionally, the amplitude was reduced in patients with CP type IIIb group compared to the control group in the right tibial nerve (p=0.017).
 
  Sympathetic skin response may be a helpful diagnostic test for men with chronic prostatitis type IIIb. However, this observation needs to be validated in a large sample cohort study with long-term follow-up.
 Sympathetic skin response may be a helpful diagnostic test for men with chronic prostatitis type IIIb. However, this observation needs to be validated in a large sample cohort study with long-term follow-up.Urolithiasis is a global pathology with increasing prevalence rate. The lifetime recurrence of urolithiasis ranges from 10-75% creating a public health crisis in affected regions. The epidemiology of urolithiasis in most parts of Africa and Asia remains poorly documented as incidence and prevalence rates in these settings are extrapolated from hospital admissions. The surgical management of kidney and ureteral stones is based on the stone location, size, the patient's preference and the institutional capacity. To date, the available modalities in the management of urolithiasis includes external shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), ureterorenoscopy (URS) including flexible and semirigid ureteroscopy. However, regarding the lack of endourological equipment and expertise in most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), most urological centers in these regions still consider open surgery for kidney and ureteral stones. This review explores the current trend and surgical management of upper tract urolithiasis in SSA with insight on the available clinical guidelines.
  Chronic scrotal content pain (CSP) or chronic orchialgia can be debilitating for patients and difficult to treat. There is a paucity of structured treatment algorithms to approach this difficult condition.
 
  A review of the literature was performed. Conservative treatment options are presented and then targeted surgical interventions that the urologist may perform are then presented in a structured algorithm format. Many of these patients may obtain a significant reduction in pain with some of these treatments.
 
  This review presents the pathophysiology, a new assessment tool, and various treatment options available for CSP patients, such as targeted spermatic cord blocks, targeted and standard microsurgical denervation of the spermatic cord (77-100% success rates), ultrasound-guided peri-spermatic cord and ilioinguinal cryoablation (59-75% success rates), scrotox (botox) (56-72% success rates), targeted ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric peripheral nerve stimulation (72% success rate), radical orchiectomy (20-75% success rate), targeted robotic-assisted intra-abdominal denervation (71% success rate) and vasectomy reversal (69-100% success rates).
 
  A structured and evidence-based approach to help urologists manage patients with chronic orchialgia or scrotal content pain is presented.
 A structured and evidence-based approach to help urologists manage patients with chronic orchialgia or scrotal content pain is presented.Influenza is a major public health problem that causes acute respiratory infection in humans. Identification of host factors influencing in disease outcome is critical for recognition of individuals with increased risk. Investigations on the role of rs34481144A and rs12252C IFITM3 polymorphisms in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 severity is not yet conclusively determined. This study aimed to evaluate such polymorphisms frequencies and IFITM3 levels in an infected Brazilian cohort of 314 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 cases and its putative association with clinical, epidemiological and virological data. Individuals were clinically classified into mild, severe and fatal cases. IFITM3 polymorphisms were detected by specific Taqman probes in real time PCR reactions. IFITM3 levels were determined by quantitative real time PCR. Thus, the different clinical groups presented similar distribution of rs34481144 and rs12252 genotypes and allelic frequencies. There was no significant association between the polymorphisms with severity of disease by using distinct genetic models. Additionally, geographic distribution of mutants showed that rs34481144A allele was more predominant in Brazilian Southern region. In contrast, rs12252C allele presented similar frequencies in all regions. Individuals with the distinct rs34481144 and rs12252 genotypes showed similar levels of IFITM3 and viral load in their respiratory specimens. Furthermore, IFITM3 levels were comparable in the distinct clinical groups and were not correlated with influenza viral load in analyzed samples. Thereby, rs34481144A and rs12252C polymorphisms were not associated with severity or mortality of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection nor with IFITM3 transcript levels and influenza viral load in upper respiratory tract samples in a Brazilian cohort.