https://www.selleckchem.com/products/apilimod.html In 2009 the EU Regulation 386/2009 established a new functional group of feed additives called "substances for reduction of the contamination of feed by mycotoxin". Later, di-octahedral bentonite (1 m558) was authorised, as an anti-aflatoxin additive, being the only additive of this group authorised to date. This work aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of other bentonites, such as tri-octahedral bentonites, versus Fusarium-mycotoxins, since very few adsorbents have proved their effectiveness in relation to this group of mycotoxins. For this purpose, 7 bentonites (six of them tri-octahedral) and 7 commercial adsorbents, added at 0.02% (w/v), were assayed in an in vitro adsorption experiment using two simulated gastro-intestinal (GI) juices (pH 1.3 and 6.8) versus zearalenone (ZEN 0.1-5 mg/L), fumonisin B1 (FB1 1-10 mg/L) and deoxynivalenol (DON 2-10 mg/L). Mycotoxin adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. In vitro adsorption experiments showed that ZEN and FB1 (in the latter case only in acid medium) were partially adsorbed, while the adsorption of DON was negligible. Moreover, the increase of adsorbent dose (up to 0.20%, w/v) significantly improved the in vitro adsorption of ZEN and FB1, reaching >90% of adsorption. The present work proposes the use of some tri-octahedral bentonites as feed additives for Fusarium-mycotoxin reduction.Objectives We aimed to investigate the protective effects of cyclosporin A (CsA) against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) damage in a mouse ischemia model and the possible underlying mechanism. Methods Mice were divided equally into five groups Sham, I/R, Vehicle, I/R plus CsA (10 mg/kg), and I/R plus CsA (20 mg/kg). Nerve function scores, infarct volume, brain water content, and Evans blue (EB) leakage were evaluated, and western blotting was performed to analyze the changes in CypA, p-Akt, NF-κB, MMP-9, and Claudin-5 expression. Results CsA can attenuate I/R dama