The real-time detection and monitoring of chloride ion concentrations play important roles in broad industrial applications, including wearable health care device, environmental pollutant control and infrastructure corrosion monitoring. The development of all-solid-state micro-fabricated electrochemical sensors has enabled the miniaturisation of these testing devices. This study reviewed the micro-fabricated electrochemical chloride sensors developed since 1970s, together with a brief summary regarding the progression of miniaturised electrochemical sensors in the past half century. Three major types of electrochemical chloride sensors with specific ion-selectivity have been discussed, the potentiometric sensors (including both ion-selective electrodes and chemical FETs), the chronopotentiometric sensors and the voltammetric sensors. In addition, colorimetric sensors, an emerging low-cost, portable, fast diagnose sensor technique has been included in this review. Four critical sensor performances have been reviewed and compared systematically, the sensibility (chloride concentration range), selectivity, lifetime and applicable pH ranges. The future perspectives for engineering applications proposed in this review will benefit the further development of integrated multi-functional sensors, as well as new instrumental testing methods. In this work, a novel imidazolium ionic liquid-functionalized poly(quinine)-modified silica stationary phase (Sil-PQn-MIm) was successfully synthesized via surface radical chain transfer and nucleophilic substitution reaction. The modified silica was confirmed by series of characterizations including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis (EA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The multi-mode chromatographic performances of the Sil-PQn-MIm column were investigated by anion-exchange mode for separation of aromatic acid samples, hydrophilic interaction mode for separation of nucleosides/nucleobases and sulfanilamides, and reversed-phase mode for separation of alkylbenzenes, benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the Tanaka test mixtures, respectively. As expected, compared to the Sil-PQn column only with quinine as functional group, the Sil-PQn-MIm column further modified by imidazolium ionic liquid possessed higher separation performance, especially for the separation of nucleosides/nucleobases. The effects including buffer concentration, pH, organic solvent content and column temperature on chromatographic performance were studied, which proved that multiple interactions including electrostatic, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions can be simultaneously existed between the stationary phase and the analytes. In addition, reproducibility and efficiency of the Sil-PQn-MIm column were also investigated, the results illustrated that the stationary phase have good enough reproducibility (RSDs 0.15%-0.72%, n = 7) and high efficiency (plates per meter, ~90000 plates/m). In conclusion, the prepared stationary phase with multiple-mode retention capabilities could realize separation for various types of samples by optimizing chromatographic conditions, even for some chiral compounds. SWATH data independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS) has become an established technique in MS-based 'omics' research and is increasingly used for the screening of xenobiotics (e.g. drugs, drug metabolites, pesticides, toxicants). Such xenobiotic screening methods are mostly applied for tentative compound identification purposes based on spectral library searching, while additional data processing techniques are scarcely used thereby leaving the full potential of these methods often unused.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hc-258.html  Here we present an analytical workflow for screening xenobiotics in human samples using SWATH/MS based on which we highlight opportunities for unlocking unused potential of these methods. The workflow was applied to urine samples from subjects who tested positive for THC and/or cocaine during roadside drug testing with the goal of confirming the positive roadside drug tests and identifying compounds that relate to illicit drug use (e.g. cutting agents, tobacco components) or associate with corresponding lifestyle choices (e.g. nasal decongestants, painkillers). These goals could only be reached by complementing spectral library search procedures with additional multivariate data analyses due to inherent incompleteness of the spectral library that was employed. Such incompleteness represents a common challenge for applications where limited or no metadata is available for study samples, for example in toxicology, doping control in sports, and workplace or roadside drug testing. It furthermore sets the stage for employing additional data processing techniques as is outlined in the presented work. Cannabinoids in hemp plant are strictly located in the inflorescence, in particular in top side of the plant while a lower amount may be found in the leaves. As a consequence, the lower amount of cannabinoids which can be recovered in the hemp flours is obtained from seeds, thus from contamination during harvesting procedures. To this aim, a screening test for the real time detection of cannabinoids in hemp flour was developed by a miniaturized analytical platform based on the MicroNIR spectrometer. Chemometrics was used to develop models of prediction to identify the cannabinoids and simultaneously to quantify the residual amounts in order to accomplish specific regulatory legislation according to the country. In particular, Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Partial Least Square regression (PLSr) were applied and results demonstrated that MicroNIR/Chemometric platform permit to differentiate hemp flours according to the presence of CBD, THC and CBG. In addition, for each cannabinoid, a quantification method was developed in the range 0.001-0.1 %ww, and their performances were evaluated by comparing results to those obtained by the reference procedures. Processing of the real samples provided a suitable correlation and confirmed the capabilities of this innovative platform to be used for the monitoring of the residual content of cannabinoids in hemp flours.