Pragmatics refers to the capacity to understand the speaker's meaning and thus to appropriately engage in a conversation. This study aims at establishing the role of communicative-pragmatic abilities in functioning, defined as a set of daily activities, in schizophrenia. This would contribute to enrich current models of the neurocognitive predictors of functioning, which have so far neglected pragmatics.
 
  One hundred people with schizophrenia underwent a comprehensive assessment including functioning, cognition, theory of mind (ToM), and pragmatics. We tested the effects of cognition as a predictor of functioning, first mediated by ToM, then sequentially mediated by ToM and pragmatics. Next, we explored the predictive effect of cognition, sequentially mediated by ToM and pragmatics, on different functional domains (i.e., interpersonal relations, instrumental role, and personal autonomy).
 
  The first model confirmed that ToM acts as a mediator between cognition and functioning. Importantly, the second model highlighted also the main mediating role of pragmatics. The mediation models on different functional domains showed that, when considered together, both pragmatics and ToM significantly influenced all aspects of functioning. When considered separately, pragmatics was significantly related to interpersonal functioning, while ToM to personal autonomy.
 
  Innovatively, our findings highlight that pragmatics has a main role, both direct and indirect, in affecting functioning. Of particular interest is that the impact of pragmatics encompasses different functional domains, and especially interpersonal functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
 Innovatively, our findings highlight that pragmatics has a main role, both direct and indirect, in affecting functioning. Of particular interest is that the impact of pragmatics encompasses different functional domains, and especially interpersonal functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
  Traditional neuropsychological assessment methods identify a subpopulation of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) who demonstrate cognitive functioning below population norms. An even larger proportion of those with MDD self-report problems with cognition that interfere with daily roles and responsibilities. We aim to test whether an intraindividual deviation of cognitive functioning relative to premorbid estimates (idiographic impairment) may better characterize challenges for functional recovery in MDD.
 
  Adult participants with MDD (N = 111) who completed a baseline neuropsychological assessment battery for a cognitive remediation trial were used in analyses. We compared the frequency of cognitive impairment using the normative and idiographic approaches and examined how these indexes related to observed functioning, perceived functioning, and depression severity.
 
  While only 25% of the sample would be classified as cognitively impaired on a composite measure according to normative comparistive ability with subjective complaints and disability in MDD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
  Cognitive reserve is a concept that explains individual differences in resilience to brain pathology and susceptibility to poor late-life cognitive outcomes.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Docetaxel(Taxotere).html  We evaluate the analogous concept of "Functional Reserve," defined as the difference between observed functional abilities and those predicted by brain structure, cognitive performance, and demographics. This study aims to validate the construct of functional reserve by testing its utility in predicting clinical outcomes and exploring its predictors.
 
  Longitudinal data collected annually for up to 7 years from 1,084 older adults (ndementia = 163; nMCI = 333; nCN = 523) were analyzed. Functional reserve was operationalized as the residual variance in the Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale after accounting for demographics (sex/gender, race, ethnicity, education), neuropathology (gray matter, hippocampal, and white matter hyperintensity volumes), and cognition (executive function, verbal episodic memory, semantic memory, aation of functional reserve for explaining individual differences in susceptibility to IADL dysfunction independent of neuropathology, cognition, and demographics. Physical functioning and apathy are promising modifiable intervention targets to enhance functional reserve in the context of brain atrophy and cognitive decline. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
  This review describes the relatively small body of neuropsychological and cognitive research conducted over the past 100 years focused on theoretical models explaining the neurocognitive processes that support everyday functioning and the breakdown of functional abilities in the face of neurological damage or disease.
 
  The historical roots of the theories of everyday activities based on direct observation of behavior in neurology and diary reports of everyday errors in cognitive psychology are presented, followed by a review of the empirical findings and resulting theoretical conceptualizations from case studies and group studies of various clinical populations in neuropsychology.
 
  We conclude with a new framework (the goal-control model) that integrates the most recent empirical findings in neuropsychology with mechanisms proposed by cognitive models.
 
  The goal-control model offers empirically supported solutions to understanding and predicting functioning in the real world. This new model generates testable predictions for future research and provides guidance for clinical assessment and interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
 The goal-control model offers empirically supported solutions to understanding and predicting functioning in the real world. This new model generates testable predictions for future research and provides guidance for clinical assessment and interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).A fundamental reason that scientists study brain-behavior relationships is to discover new ways to understand and enhance the everyday lives of people with neurocognitive disorders. Moreover, establishing the link between cognitive deficits and problems in everyday functioning is a critical component of diagnosing neurocognitive disorders and designing effective rehabilitation plans. Yet only about 1% of the over 10,000 studies published in the major neuropsychology journals over the past 35 years have focused on the intersection of cognition and everyday functioning. Clearly, researchers have much left to learn. This special issue of Neuropsychology therefore highlights new empirical findings and conceptual work that move the needle on our understanding of brain and cognition in the context of daily life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).