Particularly, TBBPA and PEMPs exhibited a joint effect on Caco-2 cells to a certain degree. TBBPA selectivity inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria such as Enterococcus and Lactobacillus, contributing to the thriving of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia and Bacteroides. The existence of PEMPs would enhance the proportion of Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Escherichia. Community composition changed dramatically with the interference of PEMPs and TBBPA; this was undesirable to the healthy homeostasis of the human gut. PICRUSt analysis determined both PEMPs and TBBPA interfered with the metabolism pathways of gut microbiota. Hence, the threat of MPs and TBBPA to humans should arouse vigilance.Heavy organics in bio-oil generally refer to the sugar oligomers and lignin-derivatives. They are important fractions in bio-oil and their effective conversion in hydrotreatment determines carbon yield from biomass or bio-oil to biofuel. Fates of the heavy organics largely determine intrinsic reaction behaviors of bio-oil during hydrotreatment. The heavy organics in bio-oil have high tendency towards polymerization upon thermal treatment, which is one of the main precursors for coke formation and catalyst deactivation. Furthermore, the heavy organics have some other unique characteristics in hydrotreatment such as the steric hindrance for contacting active sites on surface of catalyst. How to effectively convert the heavy organics has been regarded as the bottle-neck issue in hydrotreatment of bio-oil and the key barrier in the roadmap from biomass to biofuels. Thus, this review particularly focuses on the progress in understanding reaction behaviors of the heavy organics in hydrotreatment of bio-oil, a central challenge to be resolved. The results indicated that coke formation from heavy organics in bio-oil remains main obstacle in hydrotreatment and further fundamental studies are required to develop suitable catalyst and process to stabilize the heavy organics in bio-oil. In particular, the mechanism for coke formation from the heavy species of varied chemical family should be clarified and corresponding measures should be developed to tackle high tendency of coking. Techno-economic feasibility should be considered in the first place in development of catalysts or process for tackling the heavy fractions of bio-oil.Nanomaterials-mediated contamination (including the highly reactive metal oxides ZnO nanoparticles) is becoming one of the most concerning issues worldwide. In this study, the toxic effects of two chemical species of Zn (ZnO nanoparticles and bulk ZnSO4) were investigated in bean plants, following either foliar or soil application, at concentrations from 250 to 2000 mg L-1 using biochemical assays, proteomics and metabolomics. The accumulation of Zn in plant tissues depended on the application type, zinc chemical form and concentration, in turn triggering distinctive morphological, physiological, and redox responses. Bean plants were more sensitive to the foliar than to the soil application, and high concentrations of ZnO NP and bulk ZnSO4 determined the highest plant growth inhibition and stress symptoms. However, low dosages of ZnSO4 induced a slight plant growth promotion and better physiological and antioxidative response. Low concentration of Zn leaded to increased activity of stress-related proteins and secondary metabolites with antioxidant capacity, while increasing concentration reached the exhausted phase of the plant stress response, reducing the antioxidant defense system. Such high concentrations increased lipids peroxidation, protein degradation and membranes integrity. Oxidative damage occurred at high concentrations of both chemical species of Zn. Foliar spraying impaired photosynthetic efficiency, while soil applications (especially ZnSO4) elicited antioxidant metabolites and proteins, and impaired chloroplast-related proteins involved in the electron transport chain and ATP production.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nvl-655.html  Taken together, the results highlighted distinctive and nanoparticles-related toxic effects of ZnO in bean, compared to ionic forms of Zn.The growth of indigenous fish resources in the source region of a river is dependent upon the protection and sustainable development of suitable habitats, and the dual effects of climate change and hydropower generation have a major impact on hydrodynamic conditions and living conditions in these habitats. Against a background of climate warming, an agent-based model was established using MIKE3 software and was applied to the source region of the Yellow River. Within the study area, water depth, flow velocity, water temperature, and fish distribution in fish habitats before and after implementation of an ecological scheduling scheme in the hydropower stations were compared. In this paper, the Weighted Usable Area (WUA) method was used to evaluate the habitat suitability before and after construction of the dam in order to study the impact of changes in the hydrology and water environment in the source area of the Yellow River on the survival of the indigenous fish Gymnocypris eckloni Herzensten, 1891 and its eggs, and appropriate solutions were proposed. The results showed that the spawning period of G. eckloni (Gymnocypris eckloni Herzensten) will be delayed and egg hatching will face higher risks due to the negative -effects of low water temperature caused by hydropower generation. Water warming induced by global warming is expected to eliminate this negative influence, and the inhabitable area for fish is expected to increase. This study can provide a reference for evaluating sustainable development of the whole river ecosystem under conditions of climatic change and hydropower engineering operations.Reconstructing paleoelevation allows the temporal evolution of biogeochemical processes and hydroclimate regimes to be understood and quantified. A dual-isotope biomarker of clumped hydrogen and carbon isotopes of leaf wax n-alkanes was recently proposed in humid tropical forests, and it was proven to be superior to a single-isotope proxy that was previously reported. However, it remains unknown whether the dual-isotope biomarker is suitable in arid conditions. The present study investigated leaf wax n-alkane distribution, hydrogen (δ2Hwax) and carbon (δ13Cwax) isotopes in terrestrial plants along an arid mountainous transect. We found that the effects of seasonality on n-alkane distribution, δ2Hwax and δ13Cwax were minimal for all species (p > 0.05), and that species-specific δ2Hwax values remained almost unchanged for most species, in contrast to δ13Cwax values. Significant correlations between altitude and δ2Hwax values (R2 = 0.54, 0.58, and 0.75 for spring, summer, and autumn, respectively), instead of δ13Cwax values (R2 = 0.