3%). All adverse events were minor.
 
  Polymethylmethacrylate-collagen gel is safe and effective for long-lasting correction of midface volume deficit.
 Polymethylmethacrylate-collagen gel is safe and effective for long-lasting correction of midface volume deficit.
  Vaginal rejuvenation is a topic of interest to multiple specialties, including dermatologists, plastic and reconstructive surgeons, urologists, and gynecologists. Evidence suggests that minimally invasive, energy-based devices-radiofrequency and laser therapy-are effective at vaginal tightening and decreasing symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) and/or vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA).
 
  A systematic review was completed using PubMed in November 2018 with search terms "vaginal" or "vagina" and "rejuvenation" or "tightening" or "laxity" or "radiofrequency" or "laser," as well as "genitourinary syndrome of menopause," "pelvic prolapse," "atrophic vaginitis," "vulvovaginal atrophy," "sexual function," "urinary incontinence," and "radiofrequency" or "laser." Inclusion criteria were articles written in English and clinical trials or case reports/series dealing with human subjects.
 
  We identified 59 studies (3,609 women) treated for vaginal rejuvenation using either radiofrequency or fractional ablative laser therapy. Studies report improvement in symptoms of GSM/VVA and sexual function, high patient satisfaction, and minor adverse events, including treatment-associated pain, swelling, or vaginal discharge.
 
  This review demonstrates radiofrequency and laser are efficacious for the treatment of vaginal laxity and/or atrophy. Further research needs to be completed to determine which specific pathologies can be treated, if maintenance treatment is necessary, and long-term safety concerns.
 This review demonstrates radiofrequency and laser are efficacious for the treatment of vaginal laxity and/or atrophy. Further research needs to be completed to determine which specific pathologies can be treated, if maintenance treatment is necessary, and long-term safety concerns.
  Various types of follicular trauma occur during follicular unit excision (FUE). However, the effects of different types of follicular injury on graft survival have not been reported.
 
  This study was performed to evaluate the differences in hair follicle survival by the type of follicular injury, including paring, fracture, and bulb injury.
 
  Seven healthy patients who underwent hair transplant surgery by FUE were enrolled in the study. For each patient, 10 single-hair follicular unit grafts per injury group (paring, fracture, bulb injury, or intact) were differentiated. Using sharp implanters, 10 grafts of each of the 4 injury types were transplanted into mice, and the mice were sacrificed 5 months after transplantation. The skin was excised at each of the 4 locations, and newly formed follicular units were counted and photographed under a microscope.
 
  Of 70 hair follicles in each group, the number of successfully engrafted follicles was 50 (71.43%) in the intact group, 36 (51.43%) in the paring injury group, 9 (12.86%) in the fracture injury group, and 31 (44.29%) in the bulb injury group.
 
  Grafts with minor injury had a lower survival rate than intact grafts. Fractured follicles showed the lowest survival rate.
 Grafts with minor injury had a lower survival rate than intact grafts. Fractured follicles showed the lowest survival rate.
  Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sndx-5613.html  Only 2% to 5% of SCCs metastasize; however, those do carry a poor prognosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is widely used by pathologists to characterize skin cancers and provide clinically useful information.
 
  To evaluate the potential prognostic associations between IHC findings and metastasis in SCC.
 
  Searches were conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed for articles published between 1999 and 2019. Search criteria included key words "immunohistochemistry" and "cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma." Six hundred and fifty-three articles were returned and screened, which ultimately left 31 for inclusion in our manuscript.
 
  Thirty-one articles analyzed in this review included a discussion of the expression of a particular IHC marker and the associated risk of metastasis and/or clinical utility of IHC markers in SCC, especially metastatic SCC. Markers that had several or more studies supporting clinical utility were E-cadherin, podoplanin, CD8 T cells, PD-L1, epidermal growth factor receptor, and Cyclin D1.
 
  Immunohistochemistry profiling of SCC may be useful in select cases when providing a prognosis remains challenging and in identification of potential therapeutic targets for high-risk or metastatic tumors.
 Immunohistochemistry profiling of SCC may be useful in select cases when providing a prognosis remains challenging and in identification of potential therapeutic targets for high-risk or metastatic tumors.
  Sutures can tear through tissue, but little data exist on the relative ability of different suture gauges and suture types to cut into the skin.
 
  To quantify the relative ability of various sutures to cut into and tear through the skin.
 
  We tested 4 suture types (polypropylene, nylon, polyglactin 910, and poliglecaprone 25) at 2 gauges each (3-0 and 5-0) in their ability to cut into and tear through an artificial skin substitute comprised of a 1-mm thick silicone sheet. The force required to cut into and through the skin substitute was measured using a digital force gauge that generated a force-time curve. The suture diameters were verified using both a precision caliper micrometer and an eyepiece micrometer with the microscope. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t-test and analysis of variance.
 
  All 5-0 suture types required less force to cut into and tear through the skin substitute than their 3-0 counterparts. Among each suture gauge, there was no significant difference in tear-through force regardless of the suture type.
 
  Compared with larger gauge sutures, smaller gauge sutures more easily cut into and tear through skin substitute.
 Compared with larger gauge sutures, smaller gauge sutures more easily cut into and tear through skin substitute.