The ensemble method using VGG16, VGG19, DenseNet201, and ResNet50 was the combination with the highest AUC of ROC curves. The AUC was 0.949. The evaluation metrics of the diagnosis (CNN/surgeon 1/surgeon 2) for 100 vertebrae were as follows sensitivity 88.1%/88.1%/100%; specificity 87.9%/86.2%/65.5%; accuracy 88.0%/87.0%/80.0%. In detecting fresh OVF using MR images, the performance of the CNN was comparable to that of two spine surgeons. In detecting fresh OVF using MR images, the performance of the CNN was comparable to that of two spine surgeons. The preoperative identification of osteoporosis in the spine surgery population is of crucial importance. Limitations associated with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, such as access and reliability, have prompted the search for alternative methods to diagnose osteoporosis. The Hounsfield Unit(HU), a readily available measure on computed tomography, has garnered considerable attention in recent years as a potential diagnostic tool for reduced bone mineral density. However, the optimal threshold settings for diagnosing osteoporosis have yet to be determined. We selected studies that included comparison of the HU(index test) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry evaluation(reference test). Data quality was assessed using the standardised QUADAS-2 criteria. Studies were characterised into 3 categories, based on the threshold of the index test used with the goal of obtaining a high sensitivity, high specificity or balanced sensitivity-specificity test. 9 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. In the high cut-off to differentiate normal from low bone mineral density. In conclusion, the HU is a clinically useful tool to aide in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. However, the heterogeneity seen in this study warrants caution in the interpretation of results. We have demonstrated the impact of differing HU threshold values on the diagnostic ability of this test. We would propose a threshold of 135 HU to diagnose OP. Future work would investigate the optimal HU cut-off to differentiate normal from low bone mineral density. Women have now surpassed men in the number of medical students currently enrolled in the United States. However, in surgical subspecialties including neurosurgery, women continue to be significantly underrepresented. The objective of this study was to investigate the academic accomplishments of women in academic neurosurgery as measured by academic title, publications, and grant funding. A list of ACGME (Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education) accredited neurosurgery departments was utilized and department websites were reviewed to collect data regarding female and male faculty. Scopus and National Institutes of Health (NIH) RePORTER websites were used to collect other variables. Women comprise 11.0% of all academic neurosurgeons. Of the 116 neurosurgery residency programs in the United States, 77% have at least 1 female faculty member. There are 172 academic female neurosurgeons in practice in the United States currently. Of academic female neurosurgeons, 61% are assistant professors, 21% are associate professors, and 18% are professors. Only 20 women hold leadership positions in their departments. Women have an average of 39.7 49.6 publications. The average h-index of academic female neurosurgeons is 12.0 11.1. Twenty-two women have or have had NIH funding with an average cumulative total grant value of $3,409,919. Having NIH funding and more publications is associated with higher academic rank and holding a leadership position. Women have significantly less funding and publications than men. Women represent younger faculty with expected publication and grant funding productivity. As women continue to advance into more senior positions, the trends for number of publications and grant funding is expected to increase. Women represent younger faculty with expected publication and grant funding productivity. As women continue to advance into more senior positions, the trends for number of publications and grant funding is expected to increase. The loss of stereopsis and the need for markedly enhanced hand-eye coordination are obstacles to overcome when performing exoscopic procedures, but both should improve with training. Our objectives were to describe an exoscopy training station and to compare time and performance of a given microsurgical technique among neurosurgery residents and junior neurosurgeons. We designed a low-cost exoscopy training station featuring a notebook computer, a webcam, and a light-emitting diode source. Surgeons and surgical trainees with no experience in exoscopy were enrolled and divided into 2 groups (trainees and controls). Performance and time in suture placement were evaluated by a skilled observer in both groups at baseline and 3 days later. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nx-1607.html Between evaluations, trainees completed an exoscopy training module. There were 22 participants divided equally into 2 groups. At baseline, trainees had a greater percentage of proper sutures than controls (58% vs. 35%), but they were also slower (32 minutes vs. 25 minutes). On final evaluation, not only were trainees approximately 14 minutes faster than at baseline (P= 0,03), but also their successful suture rate had increased by 18% (final rate 76%, P= 0.02). Moreover, controls were faster compared with baseline by 6 minutes (P= 0.003), but their percentage of successful sutures did not increase (final rate 38%, P= 0.49). The change from baseline to final evaluation favored trainees for both outcomes (P= 0.03 and P=0.02). Using the exoscopy training station, the trainees were able to improve their time and performance of exoscopy compared with the controls. Using the exoscopy training station, the trainees were able to improve their time and performance of exoscopy compared with the controls. Hematoma volume in chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) may predict neurologic deterioration and need for surgical evacuation. Several computer software-assisted methods exist for accurate volume measurements of intracerebral hemorrhage, but no reliable method has been identified for measurement of CSDH volume. A total of 30 consecutive patients with CSDH from 2018-2019 admitted to our institution were selected. The noncontrast computed tomography head studies were reviewed by 2 residents. The region of interest method on a Horos Open Source Medical Image Viewer (version 3.3.6) was utilized for volume measurement by each resident (resident-1 and resident-2) independently. Resident-1 repeated the protocol on the same studies 1 month later. We calculated the intra- and interobserver reliability of hematoma volume measurements using the Bland-Altman method. Mean age of the patients was 79 years (range, 50-92 years). For interobserver analysis, resident-1 mean hematoma volume was 85.46 cm (range, 6.40-178.63 cm ) and was 87.