The study examined the influence of the process of extrusion on the physical properties and nutritional composition of black chokeberry pomaces. It has been determined that the extrusion process resulted in a reduction of the content of anthocyanins and fibre, but an increase of the contribution of simple sugars. In order to assess the phase transitions occurring in the products, a state diagram was utilized, which was constructed using the freezing and vitrification curve and values characterizing the conditions of maximum cryoconcentration. The determined values of critical water activity (based on water activity concepts) indicate that pomaces and extrudates retain crispiness in storage under moderate environmental relative humidity conditions. However, in the case of the glass transition concept, the determined values of water activity indicate that products stored in room temperature must be protected against the influence of humidity.Plant industrial by-products have generally low value but can be a good source of nutritional compounds. Wheat bran is the main by-product of wheat milling and contains >15% high-quality proteins. Extraction of wheat bran proteins (WBPC) and inclusion in spaghetti and bread formulations was studied to determine if the nutritional properties of these foods could be enhanced without deleterious effects on quality. Semolina was substituted with WBPC at 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20% (w/w) and made into spaghetti and a commercial bread flour was substituted with WBPC at 0, 1, 5 and 10% w/w and made into bread. Both spaghetti protein content (12.3 to 23.4%) and total essential amino acids (3.76 to 7.59%) increased with added WBPC. Overall spaghetti quality was acceptable up to 10%WBPC and superior to wholemeal, especially in appearance. However, the bread formulation used was very sensitive to WBPC especially above 1% addition.The development of a novel molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method for simultaneous preconcentration of imazapyr (IMP), imazapic (IMZ) and imazethapyr (IMT) with determination by HPLC-PAD (High performance liquid chromatography - photodiode-array detector) is proposed. The polymer synthesis was performed using imazethapyr as template molecule and 1-vinylimidazole as functional monomer. The method is based on preconcentration of 100.0 mL of sample through 200.0 mg of molecularly imprinted poly(vinylimidazole-TRIM) (MIP-1VN) at pH 4.0, followed by elution with 2.0 mL of MeOHCH2Cl2HAc (34624, v/v). The range of analytical curve (0.29-200.0, 0.21-200.0 and 0.15-200.0 µg L-1), limits of detection (0.09, 0.06 and 0.04 µg L-1) and preconcentration factors (92, 96 and 98) determined for the herbicides, IMP, IMZ and IMT, respectively, were greatly superior when compared with those ones obtained with commercial adsorbents. The analytical method was successfully applied to spiked surface water and rice samples with good results of recovery values (86-107%).
  Injecting risk behaviour, such as receptive sharing of injecting equipment and/or re-using one's equipment, is associated with bloodborne virus transmission and infections in people who inject drugs (PWID). We aimed to estimate prevalence and correlates of injecting risk behaviours amongst PWID.
 
  We conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses to estimate country, regional, and global prevalences of injecting risk behaviours (including sharing or re-using needle/syringe and sharing other injecting equipment). Using meta-regression analyses, we determined associations between study- and country-level characteristics and receptive needle/syringe sharing.
 
  From 61,077 identified papers and reports and 61 studies from expert consutation, evidence on injecting risk behaviours was available for 464 studies from 88 countries. Globally, it is estimated that 17.9% (95%CI 16.2-19.6%) of PWID engaged in receptive needle/syringe sharing at last injection, 23.9% (95%CI 21.2-26.5%) in the past month, and 32.8% (95%C with evidence of injecting drug use.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dbet6.html  There is a need for better capturing of injecting risk behaviours in these countries to inform implementation of harm reduction services and evaluate potential impacts of interventions to reduce risk.Myoclonus Epilepsy and Ataxia due to Potassium channel mutation (MEAK) is a rare epilepsy caused by changes in the structure and function of potassium channels due to mutations in the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 1 (KCNC1) gene. MEAK is one of the progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME), and there are few studies on MEAK pathogenesis and targeted drugs. Here, we used peripheral blood from MEAK patients with KCNC1 (c.959G > A) gene mutation to establish induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). The iPSC of KCNC1 mutation established by us is a powerful tool for related research.Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that are linked to adverse health outcomes. PCB tissue levels are determinants of PCB toxicity; however, it is unclear how factors, such as an altered metabolism and/or a fatty liver, affect PCB distribution in vivo. We determined the congener-specific disposition of PCBs in mice with a liver-specific deletion of cytochrome P450 reductase (KO), a model of fatty liver with impaired hepatic metabolism, and wild-type (WT) mice. Eight-week-old male WT (MWT, n = 3), male KO (MKO, n = 5), female WT (FWT, n = 4), and female KO mice (FKO, n = 4) were exposed orally to Aroclor 1254. PCBs were quantified in adipose, blood, brain, and liver tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The ΣPCB levels followed the rank order adipose > liver ∼ brain > blood in WT and adipose ∼ liver > brain > blood in KO mice. PCB levels were much higher in the liver of KO than WT mice, irrespective of the sex. A comparison across exposure groups revealed minor genotype and sex-dependent differences in the PCB congener profiles (cos Θ > 0.92). Within each exposure group, tissue profiles showed small differences between tissues (cos Θ = 0.85 to 0.98). These differences were due to a decrease in metabolically more labile PCB congeners and an increase in congeners resistant to metabolism. The tissue-to-blood ratio of PCBs decreased for adipose, increased for the brain, and remained constant for the liver with an increase in chlorination. While these ratios did not follow the trends predicted using a composition-based model, the agreement between experimental and calculated partition coefficients was reasonable. Although the distribution of PCBs differs between KO and WT mice, the magnitude of the partitioning of PCBs from the blood into tissues can be approximated using composition-based models.