The order Sulfolobales was one of the first named Archaeal lineages, with globally distributed members from terrestrial thermal acid springs (pH  65°C). The Sulfolobales represent broad metabolic capabilities, ranging from lithotrophy, based on inorganic iron and sulfur biotransformations, to autotrophy, to chemoheterotrophy in less acidophilic species. Components of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate carbon fixation cycle, as well as sulfur oxidation, are nearly universally conserved, although dissimilatory sulfur reduction and disproportionation (Acidianus, Stygiolobus and Sulfurisphaera) and iron oxidation (Acidianus, Metallosphaera, Sulfurisphaera, Sulfuracidifex and Sulfodiicoccus) are limited to fewer lineages. Lithotrophic marker genes appear more often in highly acidophilic lineages. Despite the presence of facultative anaerobes and one confirmed obligate anaerobe, oxidase complexes (fox, sox, dox and a new putative cytochrome bd) are prevalent in many species (even facultative/obligate anaerobes), suggesting a key role for oxygen among the Sulfolobales. The presence of fox genes tracks with a putative antioxidant OsmC family peroxiredoxin, an indicator of oxidative stress derived from mixing reactive metals and oxygen. Extreme acidophily appears to track inversely with heterotrophy but directly with lithotrophy. Recent phylogenetic re-organization efforts are supported by the comparative genomics here, although several changes are proposed, including the expansion of the genus Saccharolobus.Interface strains and lattice distortion are inevitable issues during perovskite crystallization. Silane as a coupling agent is a popular connector to enhance the compatibility between inorganic and organic materials in semiconductor devices. Herein, a protonated amine silane coupling agent (PASCA-Br) interlayer between TiO2 and perovskite layers is adopted to directionally grasp both of them by forming the structural component of a lattice unit. The pillowy alkyl ammonium bromide terminals at the upper side of the interlayer provide well-matched growth sites for the perovskite, leading to mitigated interface strain and ensuing lattice distortion; meanwhile, its superior chemical compatibility presents an ideal effect on healing the under-coordinated Pb atoms and halogen vacancies of bare perovskite crystals. The PASCA-Br interlayer also serves as a mechanical buffer layer, inducing less cracked perovskite film when bending. The developed molecular-level flexible interlayer provides a promising interfacial engineering for perovskite solar cells and their flexible application.Management of advanced hormone-naïve prostate cancer (HNPC) is a critical public health issue. Useful prognostic markers are thus needed to select patients who will benefit from recently introduced upfront therapies. p16 expression is an adverse prognostic marker in prostate cancer. The present study aimed to determine whether p16 expression would serve as an adverse prognostic marker in advanced HNPC. A total of 79 patients diagnosed by needle biopsy with adenocarcinoma Gleason score ≥8 between 2010 and 2013 at Aichi Medical University were included in this study. The median patient age was 73 (range 52-87) years. The median follow-up was 62 months (range 2-98). Fourteen patients had p16-positive samples. Fifteen patients died from prostate cancer, 10 of whom were in the p16-positive group. p16 positivity was associated with clinical T stage (P  less then  0.001), presence of IDC-P (P  less then  0.001), distant metastasis (P  less then  0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P  less then  0.001). These results indicate that p16 expression is associated with adverse prognostic factor of prostate cancer and suggest that p16 expression may provide useful information for treatment planning and identifying suitable candidates for upfront chemotherapy or androgen receptor axis-targeted therapy.
  To evaluate the prognostic value of tumor location in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma.
 
  Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Incidence Database, 6619 upper tract urothelial carcinoma cases were identified, including 3719 confined to the renal pelvis and 2971 to the ureter. Predictors of surgical technique (kidney sparing surgery versus radical nephroureterectomy), as well as 2- and 5-year cancer-specific survival and overall survival were evaluated.
 
  Median follow-up time was 29months (interquartile range 0-126months) for both groups. Multivariate logistic analysis showed tumor dimension as the only factor associated with radical nephroureterectomy (odds ratio 1.02; P<0.001). Ureteral 2- and 5-year overall survival were lower (log-rank P=0.001) compared with renal pelvis. When stratifying tumor location according to dimensions, a ureteral carcinoma >3cm was associated with the worst 2- and 5-year cancer-specific mortality (Pepe-Mori P<0.001), and overall survival (helial carcinoma.
 Ureteral tumor location in upper tract urothelial carcinoma seems to be associated with worse oncological outcomes, especially in the case of advanced disease. Although the type of surgical treatment does not seem to impact survival, surgeons should use caution in adopting a kidney-sparing surgery for patients with ureteral upper tract urothelial carcinoma.Research on the initial phage-host interaction has been conducted on a limited repertoire of phages and their cognate receptors, such as phage λ and the Escherichia coli LamB (EcLamB) protein. Apart from phage λ, little is known about other phages that target EcLamB. Here, we developed a simple method for isolating novel environmental phages in a predictable way, i.e. isolating phages that target a particular receptor(s) of a bacterium, in this case, the EcLamB protein. A plasmid (pMUT13) encoding the EcLamB porin was transferred into three different enterobacterial genera.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sj6986.html  By enrichment with these engineered bacteria, a number of phages (ZZ phages) that targeted EcLamB were easily isolated from the environment. Interestingly, although EcLamB-dependent in their recombinant heterologous hosts, these newly isolated ZZ phages also targeted OmpC as an alternative receptor when infecting E. coli. Moreover, the phage host range was readily extended within three different bacterial genera with heterologously expressed EcLamB.