Many randomized controlled trials demonstrate the effectiveness of conservative treatment of plantar fasciitis. Patients with acute plantar fasciitis generally respond to treatment more rapidly and more predictably than patients with chronic plantar fasciitis.  https://www.selleckchem.com/  If conservative treatment fails, endoscopic plantar fasciotomy offers patients a more prompt return to activity compared with open procedures.Postoperative complications can be burdensome on both the patient and the surgeon. Attention in literature is often directed toward different forms of treatment and successful outcomes in surgery. The incentive of this article is to bring insight toward postoperative complications in rearfoot surgery, more specifically, the repair of the Achilles tendon with suture tape and suture anchors. This article directs attention to the recent reports on hypersensitivity reactions seen with the use of suture tape and nonabsorbable suture anchors and may encourage physicians to make patients aware of this potential complication when using these materials.Calcification of the posterior portion of the calcaneus has numerous terms that refer to this pathology. Given the number of names, there can be confusion when discussing the different pathologies involving calcification at the insertion of the Achilles tendon at the calcaneus. Two of the diagnosis that can be confused with each other are Haglund's deformity and Achilles insertional calcific tendinosis. This article discusses how these 2 entities are differentiated clinically and how their surgical management is different.Active individuals can experience exercise-induced pain along the medial, plantar central, and plantarmedial proximal arch. In many cases, these symptoms are consistent with conditions involving the plantar fascia, posterior tibial tendon, or entrapment of branches of the posterior tibial nerve. Unlike these other conditions, chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) of the foot can be aggravated by interventions that impart any pressure or compression to the foot. Practitioners should have a high index of suspicion for CECS when classic treatments tend to aggravate patient's symptoms.Tarsal tunnel syndrome is paresthesia and pain in the foot and ankle caused by entrapment and compression of the tibial nerve within the fibro-osseous tarsal tunnel beneath the flexor retinaculum. The most helpful diagnostic criteria are a positive Tinel sign at the ankle and objective sensory loss along the distribution of the tibial nerve. Treatment is designed to reduce the compression of the nerve, and surgical nerve release is indicated with failure of conservative options. It is important to identify the causative factor of the nerve compression and eliminate it to obtain excellent results.Nail polish is a nitrocellulose-based film that is modified to create a plastic shiny colored film that can be painted on the nail plate. The desire to develop a long-lasting pigmented film has resulted in the development of nail shellacs based on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) designed to polymerize on the nail plate. These films are chip resistant and long wearing, designed to last 3 to 4 weeks. Further polymer use has resulted in the ability to sculpt an elongated nail on the nail plate to create the appearance of long nails.This review discusses, from a practical point of view, the most common imaging techniques and their applications in nail pathologies with some technical considerations. There are several imaging techniques for studying the nail, and all of them require proper devices and trained operators. The highest axial resolution and a more extensive range of applications are provided by ultrasound, which currently is the first-choice imaging technique for evaluating nail conditions. A correlation of state-of-the-art clinical and imaging figures supports the review of this topic.This article discusses the histologic findings in key nail unit diseases, including inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic conditions. The emphasis is on clinicopathologic correlates, best practices to demonstrate the relevant histopathologic features, and pitfalls in diagnosis. Understanding the pathology of these disorders enhances clinical acumen and may affect the choice of biopsy procedures and treatment measures, with the outcome of better clinical care for patients with nail disease.Successful nail surgery requires an understanding of specific disease processes, the anatomy of the nail unit, and fluency with only a few key techniques. This article focuses on 6 high-yield procedures, facility with which will allow the clinician to approach most of the clinical scenarios requiring surgical intervention. These encompass surgical approaches to inflammatory nail diseases, melanonychia, erythronychia, and nail melanoma in situ.Nail dermoscopy (onychoscopy) is being used for a more accurate diagnosis of all nail disorders and has become a routine diagnostic instrument. In daily practice, nail signs can be magnified, and dermoscopy may confirm the clinical diagnosis and guides in management of nail diseases and treatments, permitting a better visualization of symptoms. Onychoscopy is used by the experts in almost all nail diseases. It can be performed dry or with ultrasound gel in order to make the stratum corneum translucent, depending on which part of the nail unit has to be evaluated.This article describes nail tumors and their clinical features, biologic behavior, and treatment. Tumors included are onychopapilloma, onychomatricoma, periungual fibromas/fibrokeratomas, glomus tumors, subungual exostosis, myxoid cysts, and squamous cell carcinoma.Nail unit melanoma is an uncommon form of melanoma with worse prognosis compared with nonacral cutaneous melanoma. Nail unit melanoma is often diagnosed at a late stage. Clinical and dermoscopic features may suggest a diagnosis of nail unit melanoma, but confirmation requires histologic analysis. Like the clinical diagnosis, histopathologic diagnosis of nail unit melanoma is also difficult. The surgical management of nail unit melanoma has evolved from aggressive amputations to digit-sparing approaches. This article reviews the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of nail unit melanoma to promote early diagnosis and rational surgery.