Increasing the dose of GLA-SE from 2.5 to 5 μg in pre-exposed volunteers improved anti-P27A affinity and decreased the number of recognized epitopes. These results indicate a higher maturation of the humoral response in pre-exposed volunteers, particularly when immunized with P27A formulated with 5 μg GLA-SE. Copyright © 2020 Geiger, Guignard, Yang, Bikorimana, Correia, Houard, Mkindi, Daubenberger, Spertini, Corradin and Audran.Our previous studies revealed a pivotal role of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 on migratory behavior of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs) in pulmonary inflammation. Thereby, the SDF-1-CXCR4/CXCR7-axis was linked with adenosine signaling. However, the role of the SDF-1 receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 in acute inflammatory peritonitis and peritonitis-related sepsis still remained unknown. The presented study provides new insight on the mechanism of a selective inhibition of CXCR4 (AMD3100) and CXCR7 (CCX771) in two models of peritonitis and peritonitis-related sepsis by injection of zymosan and fecal solution. We observed an increased expression of SDF-1, CXCR4, and CXCR7 in peritoneal tissue and various organs during acute inflammatory peritonitis.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Irinotecan-Hcl-Trihydrate-Campto.html  Selective inhibition of CXCR4 and CXCR7 reduced PMN accumulation in the peritoneal fluid and infiltration of neutrophils in lung and liver tissue in both models. Both inhibitors had no anti-inflammatory effects in Aing our in vivo data. In conclusion, our study revealed new protective aspects of the pharmacological modulation of the SDF-1-CXCR4/CXCR7-axis during acute peritoneal inflammation in terms of the two hallmarks PMN migration and barrier integrity. Both anti-inflammatory effects were linked with functional adenosine A2B-receptor signaling. Copyright © 2020 Ngamsri, Jans, Putri, Schindler, Gamper-Tsigaras, Eggstein, Köhler and Konrad.Most licensed seasonal influenza vaccines are non-adjuvanted and rely primarily on vaccine-induced antibody titers for protection. As such, seasonal antigenic drift and suboptimal vaccine strain selection often results in reduced vaccine efficacy. Further, seasonal H3N2 influenza vaccines demonstrate poor efficacy compared to H1N1 and influenza type B vaccines. New vaccines, adjuvants, or delivery technologies that can induce broader or cross-seasonal protection against drifted influenza virus strains, likely through induction of protective T cell responses, are urgently needed. Here, we report novel lipidated TLR7/8 ligands that act as strong adjuvants to promote influenza-virus specific Th1-and Th17-polarized T cell responses and humoral responses in mice with no observable toxicity. Further, the adjuvanted influenza vaccine provided protection against a heterologous H3N2 influenza challenge in mice. These responses were further enhanced when combined with a synthetic TLR4 ligand adjuvant. Despite differences between human and mouse TLR7/8, these novel lipidated imidazoquinolines induced the production of cytokines required to polarize a Th1 and Th17 immune response in human PBMCs providing additional support for further development of these compounds as novel adjuvants for the induction of broad supra-seasonal protection from influenza virus. Copyright © 2020 Miller, Cybulski, Whitacre, Bess, Livesay, Walsh, Burkhart, Bazin and Evans.Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a disorder of pregnancy, often leading to serious and fatal complications. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 and 2 (ERAP1/ERAP2) are present in the placenta. They are involved in processes regulating blood pressure, angiogenesis, cytokine receptor shedding, and immune recognition. Previous studies have associated both ERAP1/ERAP2 genetic variants with PE, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Less is known about the roles for these enzymes in early placentation, which could be a contributory factor to PE. To ascertain whether ERAP1/ERAP2 change in PE and whether such a change is present before PE is clinically diagnosed, we analyzed mRNA and ERAP1/2 protein expression in the placenta in the early first trimester (8-14 weeks) and at delivery in normotensive or PE women (n = 12/group). Gene expression was analyzed using qPCR, and protein expression and localization were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we profiled peripheral immune cells from normotensive aive women. Intriguingly, there was a notable difference in cytokine release from the activated immune cells when further stimulated by trophoblast cells. The immune cells from PE released elevated expressions of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and most notably, pro-inflammatory IL-13 and IL-17α, inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) compared to normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Taken together, these findings suggest that differential lymphocyte activation could be associated with altered ERAP1/ERAP2 expression. Copyright © 2020 Seamon, Kurlak, Warthan, Stratikos, Strauss, Mistry and Lee.Membranous nephropathy (MN), a common pathological type of adult nephrotic syndrome, is an antibody-mediated kidney disease. It is widely accepted now that MN is an immune-related disease that involves the whole immune system. In this study, we analyzed the T-cell receptor beta chain (TCRβ) repertoire of the circulating T lymphocytes of MN patients and healthy controls using high-throughput sequencing. We compared multiple aspects of the TCRβ repertoire, including diversity and the Vβ and Jβ genes between MN patients and healthy controls, and we found that the diversities within the VJ cassette combination in the peripheral blood of MN patients were lower than in the healthy controls. We also found the TCRβ repertoire similarity between pre- and post-therapy could reflect the clinical outcome, and two Vβ genes in pre-therapy had the potential to predict the therapeutic effect. These findings indicated the potential of the TCRβ repertoire as non-invasive biomarkers for the prognosis prediction of MN. The characteristics of circulating T-lymphocyte repertoires shed light on MN detection, treatment, and surveillance. Copyright © 2020 Zhang, Jin, Guan, Li, Su, Xie, Chen, Liu, Pan, Ye, Zhang, Kong and Luo.