https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fluzoparib.html Headaches are an increasing cause of disability in the world. Intractable headache syndromes affect all age groups but predominantly the middle-aged, working population. Occipital neuralgia is a frequent comorbidity with intractable migraine headaches. Occipital nerve stimulation at the level of nuchal ridge is a reasonable option for these refractory patients. Ultrasound guidance of occipital nerve stimulation can optimize depth placement of leads. Revision surgeries of occipital nerve stimulation are usually performed using surgical leads. Cluster headaches and trigeminal autonomic cephalagias (TACs) are refractory headache conditions that are mediated by sphenopalatine ganglion. Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation with infrazygomatic approach and fluoroscopic guidance of percutaneous leads can help alleviate pain from cluster headaches and TACs. Innovation in neurostimulation technologies have brought new optimism to these refractory conditions. Efficient and optimal delivery of neurostimulation for intractable headache syndromes requires a multidisciplinary team-based approach for long term compliance and efficacy. Chronic, focal, neuropathic pain is difficult to treat. Local nerve blocks are either ineffective or do not last. Regular neuromodulation modalities like spinal cord stimulation (SCS) or pain pump are invasive and affect a larger area. To discuss the indications, technique, nuances, programming, and outcomes of peripheral neuromodulation. The article reviews published literature and the author's own experience of over 500 cases of peripheral neuromodulation. Peripheral neuromodulation using peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) is an effective, minimally invasive, targeted method of treatment. It is a relatively new modality in the field of neuromodulation but is used more often. Peripheral neuromodulation using peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) is an effective, minimally invasive, targe