We show that the ratios between Eu3+ 5D0 internal quantum yields and particle diameters can be directly correlated to the particle surface areas, opening new perspectives for theoretical detailing of f-f luminescence in YVO4 solids, and enabling accurate tuning of structure and applicability of colloidal vanadate nanoparticles for sensing and catalysis applications.Although carbon-based electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) have been put into practical use, their performance needs to be improved by tuning the surface features and structures of the carbon electrodes. In this study, a method of electro-oxidation was developed to engineer the surface features of the carbon cloth wrapped with a nitrogen-doped carbon layer, and then to obtain a highly hydrophilic, nitrogen-doped carbon cloth electrode with plenty of quinone-containing sites. When the obtained materials were used as electrodes in symmetric capacitors, a high area-specific capacitance (1600 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2), high volume energy density (9.47 mW h cm-3), and excellent cycling stability performance (the capacitance only drops by 3% after 10 000 cycles) can be achieved. These results show that the newly developed method is an efficient approach for improving the electrochemical performance of three-dimensional carbon electrodes in EDLCs.Hydrogenases are bidirectional redox enzymes that catalyze hydrogen turnover in archaea, bacteria, and algae.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Gefitinib.html  While all types of hydrogenase show H2 oxidation activity, [FeFe]-hydrogenases are excellent H2 evolution catalysts as well. Their active site cofactor comprises a [4Fe-4S] cluster covalently linked to a diiron site equipped with carbon monoxide and cyanide ligands. The active site niche is connected with the solvent by two distinct proton transfer pathways. To analyze the catalytic mechanism of [FeFe]-hydrogenase, we employ operando infrared spectroscopy and infrared spectro-electrochemistry. Titrating the pH under H2 oxidation or H2 evolution conditions reveals the influence of site-selective protonation on the equilibrium of reduced cofactor states. Governed by pKa differences across the active site niche and proton transfer pathways, we find that individual electrons are stabilized either at the [4Fe-4S] cluster (alkaline pH values) or at the diiron site (acidic pH values). This observation is discussed in the context of the complex interdependence of hydrogen turnover and bulk pH.Filaments in a planar chemical garden grow following tortuous, erratic paths. We show from statistical mechanics that this scaling results from a self-organized dispersion mechanism. Effective diffusivities as high as 10-5 m2 s-1 are measured in 2D laboratory experiments. This efficient transport is four orders of magnitude larger than molecular diffusion in a liquid, and ensures widespread contact and exchange between fluids in the chemical-garden structure and its surrounding environment.As healthcare providers have transitioned from paper to electronic health records they have gained access to increasingly sophisticated documentation aids such as custom note templates. However, little is known about how providers use these aids. To address this gap, we examine how 48 ophthalmologists and their staff create and use content-importing phrases - a customizable and composable form of note template - to document office visits across two years. In this case study, we find 1) content-importing phrases were used to document the vast majority of visits (95%), 2) most content imported by these phrases was structured data imported by data-links rather than boilerplate text, and 3) providers primarily used phrases they had created while staff largely used phrases created by other people. We conclude by discussing how framing clinical documentation as end-user programming can inform the design of electronic health records and other documentation systems mixing data and narrative text.
  Given that Appalachian youth tobacco use rates are higher than the US national average, it is important to understand whether sex differences shape associations between receiving and sharing product information and using tobacco.
 
  Middle and high school students in rural Appalachia (n=1038) were surveyed about tobacco-related perceptions and behaviors, including ways youth receive and share conventional tobacco-related and e-cigarette-related information. Youth were characterized as tobacco users (i.e. ever or current users of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, or e-cigarettes) or never users. Descriptive characteristics were compared by tobacco use and sex. Adjusted logistic regression models evaluated associations between communication channels and tobacco use. Models were stratified by sex to examine effect modification.
 
  Approximately one-third of Appalachian youth (33.8%) were tobacco users and use varied by sex (males 54.4%; females 45.6%). Male (OR=1.75; 95% CI 1.18-2.60) and female (OR=2.30; 95% CI 1.ion of sex differences in how youth receive and share tobacco-related information may benefit tobacco prevention interventions.
  The objective of this study was to observe mode of delivery among women with a history of prior cesarean birth.
 
  After collecting data on a convenience sample of 1,000 women giving birth at 28 weeks gestation or greater at Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, we reduced the sample to only include women with a history of prior cesarean birth. We wanted to observe mode of delivery among this cohort and determine if any characteristics were associated with elective repeat cesarean birth, as compared to vaginal birth after cesarean.
 
  Of 1,000 women in our convenience sample, data on history of prior cesarean birth was missing on 2 women (0.2%). Of the remaining women, 49 (4.9%) reported a history of prior cesarean; 44 (89.8%) reported one prior cesarean and 5 (10.2%) women had two prior cesarean births. Repeat cesarean birth occurred in 65.1% (n = 29/44) of women with one prior cesarean and in 80.0% (n = 4/5) of women with two prior surgeries. Among the total cohort of women with a history of prior cesarelated on their admission exam. No sociodemographic or obstetrical characteristics were more likely among women who underwent pre-labor repeat cesarean birth as compared to intrapartum cesarean birth.
 Almost one-third of women in our observational cohort attempted trial of labor after cesarean; those that were successful were more likely to have been more cervically dilated on their admission exam. No sociodemographic or obstetrical characteristics were more likely among women who underwent pre-labor repeat cesarean birth as compared to intrapartum cesarean birth.