7% of recipients and 51% of donors received treatment. Median days of therapy pre-HSCT was 70 days in recipients and 48 days in donors. Post-HSCT ATBI incidence at 1-year follow-up was 0%. CONCLUSIONS LTBI in our population was higher than expected and may still be underestimated due to diagnostic test limitations. Absence of incident ATBI suggests that recipients, as opposed to donors, must receive LTBI treatment. Prevention of infectious complications within the HSCT population should be highly prioritized to improve clinical outcomes. Prospective data from collaborative working groups is needed to determine the best diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in this vulnerable patient population.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Y-27632.html  BACKGROUND CONTEXT Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) exposes the anterior aspect of the spine through a retroperitoneal approach. Access to the anterior spine requires mobilization of intra-abdominal viscera/vasculature, which can become complicated as scarring and/or adhesions develop from prior abdominal surgical interventions, increasing risk of intraoperative complications. The literature suggests that "significant prior abdominal surgery" is a relative contraindication of ALIF surgery; however, there is no consensus within the literature as to what defines "major/significant" abdominal surgeries. Additionally, the association between the number of prior abdominal surgeries and perioperative complications in ALIF surgery has not been explored within the literature. PURPOSE This study seeks to explore the association between perioperative complications of ALIF surgery and the type (major and/or minor) and number of prior abdominal surgeries. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study was performed to examinaccess surgeon (OR=1.52, 95% CI 1.10 - 2.11). Iliac vein laceration was the most common intraoperative complication (n=27, 4%). Neither the type (major and/or minor) nor the number of prior abdominal surgeries were significant predictors of postoperative complications (Minor OR=1.29; 95% CI .72-2.31, Major OR=1.24; 95% CI .77-2.00, & Number OR=1.03; 95% CI .84-1.26). CONCLUSION With each additional prior abdominal surgery, accumulation of scarring and adhesions can likely obscure anatomical landmarks and increase the risk of developing an intraoperative complication. Therefore, the number of prior abdominal surgeries should be taken into consideration during planning and operative exposure of the anterior spine via a retroperitoneal approach. BACKGROUND Proximal junctional failure (PFJ) is a common and dreaded complication of adult spinal deformity. Previous research has identified parameters associated with the development of PJF and the search for radiographic and clinical variables continues in an effort to decrease the incidence of PFJ. The lordosis distribution index (LDI) is a parameter not based on pelvic incidence. Ideal values for LDI have been established in prior literature with demonstrated association with PJF. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is compare PJF and mechanical failure rates between patients with ideal and non-ideal LDI cohort. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective, single-center case-controlled study PATIENT SAMPLE Adult patients who underwent surgical treatment for spinal deformity as defined by the SRS-Schwab criteria between 2001 and 2016 were included. Furthermore, fusion constructs spanned at least 4 vertebral segments with the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) T9 or caudal. Patients who were under the age of 18, thoted and analyzed. Univariate cox proportional hazard models were used to identify factors associated with mechanical failure and included in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS There were 187 patients that met the inclusion criteria. Univariate analysis demonstrated the number of levels fused, instrumentation to the sacrum or pelvis, PI-LL difference between pre- and post-operative states, T1-SPI, T9-SPI, and post-operative LDI (treated as a continuous variable). When LDI was treated as a categorical variable using an LDI cutoff of less than 0.5 for hypolordotic, 0.5 - 0.8 for aligned and greater than 0.8 for hyperlordotic, there was no difference in failure rates between the two groups. CONCLUSION Lumbar lordosis is an important parameter in adult deformity. However, the LDI is an imperfect variable and previously developed categories did not show differences in failure rates in this cohort. The transformation of macrophages to foam cells is a critical component in atherosclerotic lesion formation. Maslinic acid (MA), a novel natural pentacyclic triterpene, has cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. It is hypothesized that MA can suppress monocyte recruitment to endothelial cells and inhibit macrophage foam cells formation. Previous study shows that MA inhibits inflammatory effects induced by sPLA2-IIA, including foam cells formation. This study elucidates the regulatory effect of MA in monocyte recruitment, macrophage lipid accumulation and cholesterol efflux. Our findings demonstrate that MA inhibits THP-1 monocyte adhesion to HUVEC cells in a TNFα-dependent and independent manner, but it induces trans-endothelial migration marginally at low concentration. MA down-regulates both gene and protein expression on VCAM-1 and MCP-1 in HUVECs. We further showed that MA suppresses macrophage foam cells formation, as indicated from the Oil-Red-O staining and flow cytometric analysis of intracellular lipids accumulation. The effects observed may be attributed to the antioxidant properties of MA where it was shown to suppress CuSO4-induced lipid peroxidation. MA inhibits scavenger receptors SR-A and CD36 expression while enhancing cholesterol efflux. MA enhances cholesterol efflux transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 genes expression marginally without inducing its protein expression. In this study, MA was shown to target important steps that contribute to foam cell formation, including its ability in reducing monocytes adhesion to endothelial cells and LDL peroxidation, down-regulating scavenger receptors expression as well as enhancing cholesterol efflux, which might be of great importance in the context of atherosclerosis prevention and treatment.