https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hexa-d-arginine.html Moreover, IECs display hyperproliferation and increased antigen presentation in active CC. Further analysis revealed that genes related to the immune response (DUOX2, PLA2G2A, CXCL9), DNA transcription (CTR9), protein processing (JOSD1, URI1), and ion transport (SLC9A3) remained dysregulated even after budesonide-induced remission. Budesonide-refractory CC patients fail to restore normal gene expression, and displayed a transcriptomic profile close to UC. Our study confirmed the implication of innate and adaptive immune responses in CC, governed by IECs and dendritic cells, respectively, and identified ongoing epithelial damage. Refractory CC could share pathomechanisms with UC. Our study confirmed the implication of innate and adaptive immune responses in CC, governed by IECs and dendritic cells, respectively, and identified ongoing epithelial damage. Refractory CC could share pathomechanisms with UC. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project has identified HER2 mutations or amplification in 7% of colon cancers. In addition to HER2 mutations, colon cancer patients also possess co-occurring mutations in genes such as APC. Here, we investigated the role of HER2 and APC mutations on the crypt-villus architecture of the intestinal epithelium, localization of secretory cells, and expression of intestinal stem cell markers. We generated a HER2 transgenic mouse (HER2 Tg) possessing an activating mutation commonly found in colorectal cancer patients, HER2 , using transcription activator-like effector nucleases-based gene editing technology. We expressed the HER2 transgene in mouse small intestine and colon using Lgr5-Cre and Villin-Cre recombinases. In addition, we analyzed Lgr5-Cre; APC ; HER2 Tg mice by morphologic and gene expression assays on intestinal sections and organoids derived from the epithelium. HER2 expression resulted in hypertrophic crypt formation with expanded zones of proliferation. Proximal intestin