Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating disease usually affecting children and is treated with high-dose steroid therapy.
 
  An 8-year boy presented with limbs weakness and complete loss of vision and was resistant to steroid therapy. He was further treated with plasma exchange and showed full recovery from the neurological deficit.
 
  Therapeutic plasma exchange appears to be effective in ADEM patients in reversing the neuropathological process especially refractory to steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin.
 Therapeutic plasma exchange appears to be effective in ADEM patients in reversing the neuropathological process especially refractory to steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin.
  Damage to a cell and the loss of integrity of its cell membrane leads to the release of endogenous immunogenic molecules, which together are classified as "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs). Cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) released from nucleosomes may serve as a proco-agulant cofactor and may be an important mediator of immunomodulatory and proinflammatory effects associated with blood transfusion.
 
  To assess the levels of cf-DNA in supernatants of stored red cell components and the effect of leukoreduction and gamma irradiation on the release of cf-DNA during storage.
 
  This is a prospective cohort study on 99 stored red cell components, randomly divided into three groups - buffy coat (BC)-depleted, leuko-filtered (LP), and irradiated (IR) packed red blood cells. Red cell supernatants were drawn over a period of 21 days at three different time points (day 0, 7, and 21) from the study units. cf-DNA extraction was done and quantified by a bench top fluorometer. Change in cf-DNA content, rate of change (A content.
  Only little is known about blood groups other than ABO blood groups and Rhesus factors in Arabian countries and Iran. During the last years, increased migration to Central Europe has put a focus on the question how to guarantee blood supply for patients from these countries, particularly because hemoglobinopathies with the need of regular blood support are more frequent in patients from that region. Therefore, blood group allele frequencies should be determined in individuals from Arabian countries and Iran by molecular typing and compared to a German rare donor panel.
 
  1,111 samples including 800 individuals from Syria, 147 from Iran, 123 from the Arabian Peninsula, and 41 from Northern African countries were included in a MALDI-TOF MS assay to detect polymorphisms coding for Kk, Fy(a/b), Fy<sub>null</sub>, C<sub>w</sub>, Jk(a/b), Jo(a+/a-), Lu(a/b), Lu(8/14), Ss, Do(a/b), Co(a/b), In(a/b), Js(a/b), Kp(a/b), and variant alleles 
  *
  and 
  *
  .  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hygromycin-b.html  Yt(a/b), S-s-U-, Vel<sub>null&%.
 
  Some blood group alleles that are largely lacking in Europeans but had been described in African individuals are present in Arabian populations at a somewhat lower frequency. In single cases, it could be challenging to provide immunized Arabian patients with compatible blood.
 Some blood group alleles that are largely lacking in Europeans but had been described in African individuals are present in Arabian populations at a somewhat lower frequency. In single cases, it could be challenging to provide immunized Arabian patients with compatible blood.
  The human neutrophil antigen 2 (HNA-2), which is expressed on CD177, is undetectable in 3-5% of the normal population. Exposure of these HNA-2<sub>null</sub> individuals to HNA-2-positive cells can cause immunization and pro-duction of HNA-2 antibodies, which can induce immune neutropenia and transfusion-related acute lung injury. In HNA-2-positive individuals, neutrophils are divided into a CD177<sup>pos.</sup> and a CD177<sup>neg.</sup> subpopulation. The molecular background of HNA-2 deficiency and the bimodal expression pattern, however, are not completely decoded.
 
  An international collaboration was conducted on the genetic analysis of HNA-2-phenotyped blood samples, including HNA-2-deficient individuals, mothers, and the respective children with neonatal immune neutropenia and regular blood donors.
 
  From a total of 54 HNA-2<sub>null</sub> individuals, 43 were homozygous for the 
  *
  substitution. Six carried the 
  *
  single nucleotide polymorphism.trates the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms on the expression of HNA-2 on the neutrophil surface but challenges the hypothesis of regulatory epigenetic effects being implicated in the bimodal CD177 expression pattern.
  In recent years, resource-saving handling of allogeneic blood products and a reduction of transfusion rates in adults has been observed. However, comparable published national data for transfusion practices in pediatric patients are currently not available. In this study, the transfusion rates for children and adolescents were analyzed based on data from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany during the past 2 decades.
 
  Data were queried via the database of the Federal Statistical Office (Destasis). The period covered was from 2005 to 2018, and those in the sample group were children and adolescents aged 0-17 years receiving inpatient care. Operation and procedure codes (OPS) for transfusions, procedures, or interventions with increased transfusion risk were queried and evaluated in detail.
 
  In Germany, 0.9% of the children and adolescents treated in hospital received a transfusion in 2018. A reduction in transfusion rates from 1.02% (2005) to 0.9% (2018) was observed for the total collective of children and adolescents receiving inpatient care. Increases in transfusion rates were recorded for 1- to 4- (1.41-1.45%) and 5- to 10-year-olds (1.24-1.33%). Children under 1 year of age were most frequently transfused (in 2018, 40.2% of the children were cared for in hospital). Transfusion-associated procedures such as chemotherapy or machine ventilation and respiratory support for newborns and infants are on the rise.
 
  Transfusion rates are declining in children and adolescents, but the reasons for increases in transfusion rates in other groups are unclear. Prospective studies to evaluate transfusion rates and triggers in children are urgently needed.
 Transfusion rates are declining in children and adolescents, but the reasons for increases in transfusion rates in other groups are unclear. Prospective studies to evaluate transfusion rates and triggers in children are urgently needed.