54, 95% CI 0.31-0.78), indicating an effective containment of outbreak. The expected number of secondary COVID-19 cases in the SCJ gathering was estimated as 232 (basic reproductive number (R )=6.02) and 579 (R =2.50) for the first and second outbreak, respectively, with a total expected cases (833) close to the observed data on high infection of COVID-19 cases (887, R =3.00). We provided the evidence on the preparedness of NPIs for preventing COVID-19 outbreak in the context of mass religious gathering by using a density-dependent model. We provided the evidence on the preparedness of NPIs for preventing COVID-19 outbreak in the context of mass religious gathering by using a density-dependent model. Global burden of COVID-19 has not been well studied, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and value of statistical life (VSL) metrics were therefore proposed to quantify its impacts on health and economic loss globally. The life expectancy, cases, and death numbers of COVID-19 until 30th April 2021 were retrieved from open data to derive the epidemiological profiles and DALYs (including years of life lost (YLL) and years loss due to disability (YLD)) by four periods. The VSL estimates were estimated by using hedonic wage method (HWM) and contingent valuation method (CVM). The estimate of willingness to pay using CVM was based on the meta-regression mixed model. Machine learning method was used for classification. Globally, DALYs (in thousands) due to COVID-19 was tallied as 31,930 from Period I to IV. YLL dominated over YLD. The estimates of VSL were US$591 billion and US$5135 billion based on HWM and CVM, respectively. The estimate of VSL increased from US$579 billion in Period I to US$2160 billion in Period IV using CVM. The higher the human development index (HDI), the higher the value of DALYs and VSL. However, there exits the disparity even at the same level of HDI. Machine learning analysis categorized eight patterns of global burden of COVID-19 with a large variation from US$0.001 billion to US$691.4 billion. Global burden of COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantial health and value of life loss particularly in developed economies. Classifications of such health and economic loss is informative to early preparation of adequate resource to reduce impacts. Global burden of COVID-19 pandemic resulted in substantial health and value of life loss particularly in developed economies. Classifications of such health and economic loss is informative to early preparation of adequate resource to reduce impacts. It is shown that tumour volume distributions, can yield information on two aspects of cancer research tumour induction and tumour control. From the hypothesis that the intrinsic distribution of breast cancer volumes follows an exponential distribution, firstly the probability density function of tumour growth time was deduced via a mathematical transformation of the probability density functions of tumour volumes. In a second step, the distribution of tumour volumes was used to model the variation of the clonogenic cell number between patients in order to determine tumour control probabilities for radiotherapy patients. Distribution of lag times, i.e. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/icfsp1.html the time from the appearance of the first fully malignant cell until a clinically observable cancer, can be used to deduce the probability of tumour induction as a function of patient age. The integration of the volume variation with a Poisson-TCP model results in a logistic function which explains population-averaged survival data of radiotherapy patients. The inclusion of tumour volume distributions into the TCP formalism enables a direct link to be deduced between a cohort TCP model (logistic) and a TCP model for individual patients (Poisson). The TCP model can be applied to non-uniform tumour dose distributions. The inclusion of tumour volume distributions into the TCP formalism enables a direct link to be deduced between a cohort TCP model (logistic) and a TCP model for individual patients (Poisson). The TCP model can be applied to non-uniform tumour dose distributions. Indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPNs) are frequently encountered on staging computed tomography (CT) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and they create diagnostic dilemmas. This systematic review and pooled analysis aims to estimate the incidence and risk of malignancy of IPNs and provide an overview of the existing literature on IPNs in CRC patients. EMBASE, Pubmed and the Cochrane database were searched for papers published between January 2005 and April 2020. Studies describing the incidence of IPNs and the risk of malignancy in CRC patients and where the full text was available in the English language were considered for inclusion. Exclusion criteria included studies that used chest X-ray instead of CT, liver metastasis cohorts, studies with less than 60 CRC patients and reviews. A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria, involving 8637 patients. Pooled analysis revealed IPNs on staging chest CT in 1327 (15%) of the CRC patients. IPNs appeared to be metastatic disease during follow up in 16% of these patients. Regional lymph node metastases, liver metastases, location of the primary tumour in the rectum, larger IPN size and multiple IPNs are the five most frequently reported parameters predicting the risk of malignancy of IPNs. A risk stratification model for CRC patients with IPNs is warranted to enable an adequate selection of high risk patients for IPN follow up and to diminish the use of unnecessary repetitive chest CT-scans in the many low risk patients. A risk stratification model for CRC patients with IPNs is warranted to enable an adequate selection of high risk patients for IPN follow up and to diminish the use of unnecessary repetitive chest CT-scans in the many low risk patients. The optimal surgical approach for distal transverse colon cancer has not been well established. This study aimed to evaluate the oncologic safety of left colectomy with a modified complete mesocolic excision for distal transverse colon cancer as compared with descending colon cancer. This study involved 383 patients who underwent left colectomy with modified complete mesocolic excision for non-metastatic distal transverse and splenic flexure colon (transverse group, N=110) and descending colon cancer (descending group, N=237) from 3 institutions. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between the two groups. Baseline characteristics between the two groups were similar except for the length of the distal margin (transverse group=11.0cm vs descending group=9.0cm, p=0.004). During a median follow-up of 47.0 months, RFS and OS were not different between the transverse and descending groups (5-year RFS 82% vs 71%, p=0.139; 5-year OS 83% vs 79%, p=0.416, respectively). In multivariable analysis, RFS and OS were not different between the two groups (transverse group vs.