Three paths of atypical arteries were identified bifurcated vertebral artery (0.5%), aberrant right subclavian artery (0.5%) and left subclavian ostium obstruction (0.5%).
 
  Mexican population has one of the highest prevalence of variations in the aortic arch branching pattern. The high probability of finding these should be taken into consideration when assessing patients. A standardized classification method would contemplate future un-reported findings, without causing confusion by the different numbers assigned by each author.
 Mexican population has one of the highest prevalence of variations in the aortic arch branching pattern. The high probability of finding these should be taken into consideration when assessing patients. A standardized classification method would contemplate future un-reported findings, without causing confusion by the different numbers assigned by each author.
  Localization of the greater occipital nerve (GON) is essential for the achievement of several procedures performed in the occipital region especially the treatment of occipital neuralgia. This study proposed to investigate the location of GON subcutaneous (Sc) and semispinalis capitis (SSC) piercing points related to the intermastoid and external occipital protuberance (EOP) to mastoid process (MP) lines.
 
  The Sc piercing point, relation to SSC and obliquus capitis inferior (OCI) muscles of 100 GONs from 50 cadaveric heads (23 males, 27 females) were dissected. Distances from EOP to MP (EM line) on both sides and between MPs (MM line) were measured. Perpendicular lines from Sc and SSC piercing points to EM and MM lines were created and measured. Distances from EOP to the perpendicular lines of SSC piercing point and from MP to the perpendicular lines of Sc piercing point were measured and calculated into percentage of EM and MM length, respectively.
 
  Three types of Sc piercing points (I, II and III) were e between genders. Sc piercing point could be located at 44% of MM line length from ipsilateral MP with a mean vertical distance of 18 mm. No statistically significant difference was found between genders and sides in these parameters, but a statistically significant difference was found in the percentage of MB to MM line between type III and type I (p=0.02). SSC piercing point of all types could be located at the point of 25% of EM line length from EOP with a vertical distance of 18 mm below EM line. No statistically significant difference was found between genders, side s and types of both piercing points.
 
  MM and EM lines are potential reference lines for locating the subcutaneous and SSC piercing points of GON, respectively.
 MM and EM lines are potential reference lines for locating the subcutaneous and SSC piercing points of GON, respectively.
  The aim of the study is to investigate the relation between morphological abnormalities that might indicate elongation of transverse aortic arch (ETA) and various aortic and thoracic measurements, and to determine which morphological criteria define the elongated transverse arch better.
 
  Patients under 40 years of age who underwent contrast enhanced thoracic MR angiography were included in the study. Images were evaluated for the presence of morphological arch abnormalities such as late take off of left subclavian artery (LSA), flattening of the arch, and kinking at the posterior or anterior contour of the lesser curvature. Various aortic and thoracic measurements including the distance between the orifices of the left common carotid artery (LCCA) and LSA were made. Statistical relation between morphological abnormalities and these measurements was analyzed. The effect of morphological abnormalities and their combinations on the distance between LCCA and LSA orifices was evaluated by linear regression analysis.
 
  93 cases were included in the study.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/methylene-blue-trihydrate.html  All morphological abnormalities and most of their combinations show statistically significant relation with longer LCCA to LSA distance. The parameters that most affected this distance were combination of flattening with late take off (LTO) of LSA, anterior kinking and combination of anterior kinking with both flattening and LTO, respectively.
 
  Our study showed that the finding which best defines elongation of transverse aortic arch is the combination of LTO and arch flattening. Therefore, we recommend using this combination in the diagnosis of ETA instead of the classical diagnostic criteria including combination of LTO and posterior kinking.
 Our study showed that the finding which best defines elongation of transverse aortic arch is the combination of LTO and arch flattening. Therefore, we recommend using this combination in the diagnosis of ETA instead of the classical diagnostic criteria including combination of LTO and posterior kinking.The plantaris muscle usually begins with a short, narrow belly in the popliteal fossa at the lateral supracondylar line of the femur and the knee joint capsule. Then it form a long and slender tendon and usually inserts into the calcaneal tuberosity on the medial side of Achilles tendon. Nevertheless, many anatomical variations of distal attachment have been described. Cases of atypical proximal origin are reported less frequently. In this paper, we have presented a case of a two headed plantaris muscle. First head attached to the condyle of the femoral bone, medially and inferiorly to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The second one originated from the popliteal surface of the femur, just above the intercondylar fossa. According to present literature, no such case with atypical proximal origin was presented such information has potentially clinical significance during the surgical procedures performed in the area of the popliteal fossa.
  To analyze the anatomical parameters of the thoracolumbar spine spinous process and lamina space for Chinese anatomic study, and provide an anatomical reference for its clinical operation.
 
  Samples from 24 adult autopsy subjects were obtained from the thoracolumbar spine spinous process and lamina space at levels T1 through L5. Direct measurements were made for the spinous process spacing distance, spinous process length, width, thickness and inclination angle, and the lamina space width, height.
 
  1.Distance of the spine spinous process spacing Thoracic part The maximum tip distance was observed at T4~T5 level, and the minimum tip distance was observed at T9~T10 level. The maximum center distance and root distance were observed at T11~T12 level, and the minimum were observed at T5~T6 level separately. Lumbar part distance of spinous process spacing in lumbar part showed an decreasing pattern from L1～L2 to L5～S1. 2.Length, width, thickness of the spine spinous process 1)The length of the spinous process The upper border gradually increased from T1 to T6 and then decreased till T12 region.