During the past 20years, Iran has been experiencing a significant increase in the occurrence of disasters mainly due to the emergence of anthropogenic climate change. This paper aims at analyzing the trend of national budget allocation in Iran over the last 100years to evaluate the focus of the Iranian state on the four phases of Preparedness, Mitigation, Response, and Recovery and propose modifications. It is used a critical policy analysis with what's the problem represented approach. In this approach is focused on problematization and policy gaps. The most important policy statement in any government is the budget. During the first screening, 1028 regulations and laws were found from 1910 to 2020. After full text screening, 494 regulations and laws related to budget allocation to disasters were analyzed. The Iranian government has spent around 29 billion USD on disasters during the last 100years. Droughts, earthquake and flood have costs the government more than other disasters, accounting for more ternments tried to solve the issues or impacts of disasters with budgeting to response and recovery. Nevertheless, disasters' prevention or mitigation or preparedness was not a problem for Iranian governments from 1920 to 2020. Pharmacists hold to their promise to foster, implement and promote the health of the population and to prevent disease, given their knowledge, skills, and proximity to the locals. The objective of this study was to foster equality and cost-effectiveness in the distribution and sale of masks to all Taiwanese citizens, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. All 6336 special community pharmacies participating in the NHI (National Health Insurance) served as mask-selling sites. Access to masks by citizens was determined and controlled, based on the weekly rationing of the number of purchasable masks per citizen and the last digit of their NHI card number. Masks were available on different weekdays for holders of cards ending with odd and even numbers, except on Sundays, when everyone was eligible to buy a mask. Implementing the program has provided equal access to masks for all citizens across Taiwan. It has stabilized the pricing of masks and mitigated the public's anxiety of a perceived likely market shortage. The community pharmacy-based approach to the distribution of prevention face masks to citizens represents a new and innovative engagement of pharmacists in public health promotion and protection initiatives. Community pharmacies can greatly improve the efficiency, reliability, and cost-saving of the distribution of public health resources to local communities, especially in the face of an epidemic. The community pharmacy-based approach to the distribution of prevention face masks to citizens represents a new and innovative engagement of pharmacists in public health promotion and protection initiatives. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/unc-3230.html Community pharmacies can greatly improve the efficiency, reliability, and cost-saving of the distribution of public health resources to local communities, especially in the face of an epidemic. To compare costs and outcomes following knee chondroplasty with Coblation versus mechanical shaver debridement (MSD) in patients with grade III articular cartilage lesions of the knee. A decision-analytic model was developed to compare costs and outcomes of the two methods from a US payer perspective. We used published clinical data from a single-center randomized clinical trial (RCT) designed to compare outcomes between Coblation and MSD in patients with grade III articular cartilage lesions of the medial femoral condyle. Following primary knee chondroplasty, patients experienced either treatment success (no additional surgery required) or required a revision over the 4year follow-up period. Costs associated with the initial chondroplasty, physical therapy sessions through the 6week postoperative period, and revision rates at 4years post-surgery were estimated using 2018 US Medicare Physician Fee Schedule. Sensitivity analyses including a 10year time horizon and threshold analyses were performed to test the robustness of the model. The estimated total cost per patient was $4614 and $7886 for Coblation and MSD, respectively, resulting in cost-savings of $3272 in favor of Coblation, making it a dominant strategy because of lower costs and improved clinical outcomes. Threshold analysis showed that Coblation remained dominant even when revision rates were assumed to increase from the base case rate of 14-66%. Sensitivity analyses showed that cost-saving results were insensitive to variations in revision rates, number of physical therapy sessions and the time horizon used. Coblation chondroplasty is a cost-saving procedure compared with MSD in the treatment of patients with grade III articular cartilage lesions of the knee. Coblation chondroplasty is a cost-saving procedure compared with MSD in the treatment of patients with grade III articular cartilage lesions of the knee. This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of the D-dimer level for venous thromboembolism (VTE) events during puerperium of women age at 35 years or older, as well as to identify other risk factors associated with the occurrence of VTE. It was a prospective observational cohort study, from January 2014 to December 2018, which involved 12,451 women age 35 or older who delivered at least 28 weeks of gestation at Women's Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine. The maternal and fetal demographic characteristics, pregnancy complications, imaging finding and results of laboratory test within postpartum 24 h including D-dimer level, platelet counts and fibrinogen level were collected for analyses. 30(2.4‰) women were identified as VTE, including 1 pulmonary embolism event and 29 deep venous thrombosis events. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis suggested the best cutoff point for D-dimer level within postpartum 24 h of women age 35 or older was 5.545 mg/L, with a specificity of 70.0% and a sensitivity of 75.4%. Besides, there was no statistical correlation between platelet counts and VTE, as well as between fibrinogen level and VTE. On multivariate analysis, D-dimer≥5.50 mg/L (OR = 5.874, 95%CI 2.678-12.886) and emergency cesarean section (OR = 11.965, 95%CI 2.732-52.401) were independently associated with VTE in puerperium of women age 35 or older. We concluded that D-dimer≥5.50 mg/L was an independent predictor of VTE in puerperium with maternal age 35 or older and D-dimer testing was a necessary examination for perinatal women. We concluded that D-dimer≥5.50 mg/L was an independent predictor of VTE in puerperium with maternal age 35 or older and D-dimer testing was a necessary examination for perinatal women.