Pregnancy rates achieved with re-cryopreserved and rethawed blastocyst transfer were comparable to those achieved with single cryopreserved-thawed blastocyst transfer.
 Pregnancy rates achieved with re-cryopreserved and rethawed blastocyst transfer were comparable to those achieved with single cryopreserved-thawed blastocyst transfer.
  The process of follicle development is tightly regulated by pituitary gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]) and intraovarian regulators (eg, steroids, growth factors, and cytokines).
 
  This review outlines recent findings on the mechanisms of human follicle development, based on the research on animal models such as mice, rats, cows, and sheep.
 
  Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway and anti-Müllerian hormone are involved in primordial follicle activation during the gonadotropin-independent phase. The intraovarian regulators, such as androgen, insulin-like growth factor system, activin, oocyte-derived factors (growth differentiation factor-9 and bone morphogenetic protein 15), and gap junction membrane channel protein (connexin), play a central role in the acquisition of FSH dependence in preantral follicles during the gonadotropin-responsive phase. Antral follicle development can be divided into FSH-dependent growth and LH-dependent maturation. The indispensable tetralogy for follicle selection and final maturation of antral follicles involves (a) acquisition of LH dependence, (b) greater capacity for E2 production, (c) activation of the IGF system, and (d) an antiapoptotic follicular microenvironment.
 
  We reproductive endocrinologists should accumulate further knowledge from animal model studies to develop methods that promote early folliculogenesis and connect to subsequent gonadotropin therapy in infertile women.
 We reproductive endocrinologists should accumulate further knowledge from animal model studies to develop methods that promote early folliculogenesis and connect to subsequent gonadotropin therapy in infertile women.
  Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition in which stromal or glandular epithelium is implanted in extrauterine locations. Endometriosis causes detrimental effects on the granulosa cells, and phthalate interferes with the biological and reproductive function of endometrial cells at a molecular level.
 
  This article retrospectively reviewed the studies on phthalate exposure and its relationship with endometriosis. A literature search was performed for scientific articles using the keywords "phthalate and endometriosis," "endometriosis and granulosa cells," "phthalate and granulosa cells," and "phthalates and endometrial cells."
 
  Endometriosis can affect cytokine production, steroidogenesis, cell cycle progression, expression of estrogen receptor-α (ER-α)/progesterone receptor (PR), and cause endoplasmic reticulum stress, senescence, apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress in the granulosa cells. Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) alters the expression of cytokines, cell cycle-associated genes, ovarian stimulation, steroidogenesis, and progesterone production.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/borussertib.html  Several in vitro studies have demonstrated that phthalate caused inflammation, invasion, change in cytokines, increased oxidative stress, viability, resistance to hydrogen peroxide, and proliferation of endometrial cells.
 
  This might provide new insights about the impact of phthalate on the pathogenesis of endometriosis and its consequences on the ovarian function.
 This might provide new insights about the impact of phthalate on the pathogenesis of endometriosis and its consequences on the ovarian function.
  The decision of whether frozen embryo transfer (FET) should be performed in the cycle immediately after OPU or at least one cycle later is controversial. FET could improve pregnancy rates in IVF; however, how much time is needed for the endometrium to return to optimal receptivity after ovarian stimulation is not known.
 
  Electronic search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify studies providing data on the influence of the interval between embryo freezing (or OPU) and FET in FET cycles published between January 1, 2007, and February 1, 2020.
 
  Data analyzed indicated that in the immediate FET cycles, there was a trend to an increased biochemical pregnancy rate (RR=1.08; CI=1.00-1.18), whereas the clinical pregnancy rate was somewhat higher, but without reaching statistical significance (RR=1.07; CI=0.99-1.15). The live birth rate was similar in the two groups (RR=1.05; CI=0.95-1.15), as was the implantation rate (RR=0.98; CI=0.83-1.16). Stratifying by embryo stage or FET type (freeze-all or FET after failed fresh transfer) showed no differences.
 
  Systematically delaying FET does not offer benefits to IVF outcomes. In addition, immediate transfer is associated with a nonsignificant trend to better clinical pregnancy rate and it also avoids the psychological effects of prolonging the stress on prospective parents.
 Systematically delaying FET does not offer benefits to IVF outcomes. In addition, immediate transfer is associated with a nonsignificant trend to better clinical pregnancy rate and it also avoids the psychological effects of prolonging the stress on prospective parents.
  Reproductive medicine deals with fertility and is closely related to heredity. In reproductive medicine, it is necessary to provide genetic information for the patients prior to assisted reproductive technology (ART). Japan Society for Reproductive Medicine (JSRM) requires doctors involved in reproductive medicine to have standard knowledge of reproductive genetics and knowledge of reproductive medicine, which is covered in their publication, "required knowledge of reproductive medicine."
 
  With the aim of providing straightforward explanations to patients in the clinical situation at pre-ART counseling, we provide the following five topics, such as (a) risk of birth defects in children born with ART, (b) chromosomal abnormalities, (c) Y chromosome microdeletions (YCMs), (d) possible chromosomal abnormal pregnancy in oligospermatozoa requiring ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection), and (e) epigenetic alterations.
 
  The frequency of chromosome abnormalities in infertile patients is 0.595%-0.64%. YCMs are observed in 2%-10% of severe oligospermic men.