CONCLUSIONS mTOR inhibitors, at therapeutic levels, directly activate polyomavirus replication through a Skp2-dependent mechanism, revealing a proteostatic latency mechanism common to polyomaviruses. Modifying existing drug regimens for transplant patients with polyomavirus-associated diseases may reduce symptomatic polyomavirus replication while maintaining allograft-sparing immune suppression. immunosuppression. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.BACKGROUND Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter binding to three classes of receptors including the N-methyl, D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. NMDA receptor binding is lower in major depression (MDD) and suicide. NMDA receptor blocking with ketamine can have antidepressant and anti-suicide effects. Early life adversity (ELA) may cause glutamate mediated excitotoxicity, and is more common with MDD and in suicide decedents. We sought to determine whether NMDA-receptor binding is altered with suicide and ELA. METHODS 52 postmortem cases were organized as 13 quadruplets of suicide and non-suicide decedents matched for age, sex, and PMI, with or without reported ELA ( less then 16 years). Tissue blocks containing dorsal prefrontal (BA8), dorsolateral prefrontal (BA9) or anterior cingulate (BA24) cortex were collected at autopsy. Psychiatrically healthy controls and suicide decedents underwent psychological autopsy to determine psychiatric diagnoses and details of childhood adversity. NMDA receptor binding was determined by quantitative autoradiography of [3H]MK-801 binding (displaced by unlabeled MK-801) in 20 µm-thick sections. RESULTS [3H]MK-801 binding was not associated with suicide in BA8, BA9 or BA24. However, [3H]MK-801 binding with ELA was less in BA8, BA9 and BA24 independent of suicide (p less then 0.05). [3H]MK-801 binding was not associated with age or PMI in any brain region or group. CONCLUSIONS Less NMDA receptor binding with ELA is consistent with the hypothesis that stress can cause excitotoxicity via excessive glutamate causing either NMDA receptor downregulation or less receptor binding due to neuron loss consequent to the excitotoxicity. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP.Antibiotic innovation is in serious jeopardy as companies continue to abandon the market due to a lack of profitability. Novel antibiotics must be used sparingly to hinder the spread of resistance, but small companies cannot survive on revenues that do not cover operational costs. When these companies go either bankrupt or move onto other therapeutic areas, these antibiotics may be no longer accessible to patients. While significant research efforts have detailed incentives to stimulate antibiotic innovation, little attention has been paid to the financing of these incentives. In this article, we take a closer look at four potential financing models (diagnosis-related group carve-out, stewardship taxes, transferable exclusivity voucher, and a European-based "pay or play" model) and evaluate them from a European perspective. The attractiveness of these models and the willingness for countries to test them are currently being vetted through the European Joint Action on AMR and Healthcare-Associated Infections (EU-JAMRAI). © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.BACKGROUND Egypt has the highest prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Anti-HCV antibodies were detectable in 3% of children in Upper Egypt. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for chronic HCV genotype 4 in adolescents with/without hematological disorders and to determine the effect of sustained virological response (SVR) on liver stiffness. METHODS Sixty-five adolescents were recruited. There were 3 patient groups group 1, 44 treatment-naive without hematological disorders; group 2, 6 previously treated; and group 3, 15 treatment-naive with hematological disorders. All patients received sofosbuvir 400 mg/ledipasvir 90 mg per day for 12 weeks. Serum HCV RNA levels were measured before treatment, at week 12, and at 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12). Liver stiffness and the aspartate aminotransferase-platelet ratio index (APRI) score were estimated at baseline and at SVR12. RESULTS SVR12 was 100%. At SVR12, there was a significant improvement in liver stiffness in all groups. The APRI score showed significant improvements in groups 1 and 3 (P  less then  .001 and P = .004, respectively). The treatment was well tolerated, with minimal and self-limited side effects. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of chronic HCV in adolescents using ledipasvir/sofosbuvir was effective, with a cure rate (at SVR12) of 100%. Significant improvement in liver stiffness was found in all groups. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Laxity of the anterior oblique ligament (AOL) and/or the dorsoradial ligament (DRL) are believed to contribute to the progression of osteoarthritis in the trapeziometacarpal joint through increased dorsal subluxation.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rin1.html  Stress radiographs during functional tasks, such as key pinch, can be used to evaluate such joint instability. Cadaveric experiments can explore joint contact pressures as well as subluxation under varying conditions, to gain knowledge about joint mechanics. The disturbance of supporting tissues, such as the joint capsule, during experiments may affect the recorded stability of the joint. To evaluate potential effects of opening the joint capsule and severing the AOL, eleven cadaveric specimens were rigged to simulate key pinch. An anteroposterior (AP) radiograph of the hand was recorded for each specimen while intact, after partially opening the joint capsule and after sectioning the AOL. First metacarpal subluxation levels were compared between the intact joint, partially open joint capsule, and sectioned AOL. Neither opening the joint capsule nor cutting the AOL had a statistically significant effect on metacarpal subluxation. The results indicate that partially opening the joint capsule has a negligible effect on joint mechanics and support recent studies that postulate that the AOL plays a less substantial role in preventing subluxation. Copyright (c) 2020 by ASME.