https://www.selleckchem.com/products/4u8c.html In long-term exposure (42 days), the adult fish showed erratic movements in swimming pattern inhibiting the AChE activity in both the concentrations of brain and liver. The antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), showed a significant change (P less then 0.05) indicating that oxidative stress was induced by nano-Pd. Similarly, nano-Pd also induced histopathological lesions in gill, liver and brain providing an insight of fate and toxicity of nano-Pd in the aquatic environment. Our study contributes a significant mechanism to understand the toxicity concern of nano-Pd in the aquatic environment.The increase in atmospheric N deposition can alter the exchange of greenhouse gas (GHG) between the biosphere and atmosphere. The effect of N deposition on GHG is poorly understood in alpine steppe. Therefore, we conducted a 4-year experiment with multilevel N addition of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 kg N ha-1 using the static chamber and gas chromatography method to quantify responses of GHG fluxes and characterize the relationship between GHG fluxes and N addition rate in Namco located in the alpine steppe in the central Tibetan Plateau (TP). The mean CO2 efflux, CH4 uptake, N2O emission during growing seasons across four years were 33.59 ± 16.41 mg C m-2 h-1, -56.42 ± 29.20 μg C m-2 h-1, 0.67 ± 4.40 μg N m-2 h-1 respectively. CO2 efflux increased 1.55-22.6%, CH4 uptake decreased 5.96-20.1%, N2O emission increased 37.3-133.5% with N addition. We also observed a critical threshold of 40 kg N ha-1 a-1 of N addition above which the increase rate of N2O emission would diminish. Our current results implied that under the background of future N deposition, N induced C sequestration might be offset by GHG balance causing a heating effect to the climate.The quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) is a filter