PURPOSE Through analysis of T1-weighted (T1w) images this study investigated gadolinium (Gd) deposition in the brain after administration of a linear (gadopentetic acid) and a cyclic (gadoteric acid) gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), a disorder frequently requiring magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans over years. METHODS A total of 3233 T1w images (unenhanced with respect to the same scanning session) of 881 MS patients were retrospectively analyzed. After spatial normalization and intensity scaling using a sphere within the pons, differences of all pairs of subsequent scans were calculated and attributed to either linear (n = 2718) or cyclic (n = 385) or no GBCA (n = 130) according to the first scan. Regional analyses were performed, focusing on the dentate nucleus, and whole brain analyses. By 1‑sample t‑tests, signal intensity increases within conditions were searched for; conditions were compared by 2‑sample t‑tests. Furthermore, recent hypotheses on the reversibility of GBCA deposition were tested. RESULTS In the dentate nucleus, a significant increase was observed only after administration of linear GBCA even after a single GBCA administration. This increase differed significantly (p  less then  0.001) from the other conditions (cyclic and no GBCA). Whole brain analyses revealed T1w signal increases only after administration of linear GBCA within two regions, the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus. Additional analyses did not indicate any decline of Gd deposition in the brain. CONCLUSION The data point towards Gd deposition in the brain after administration of linear GBCA even after a single administration.PURPOSE Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCTH) is proven to be highly effective in the treatment of esophageal cancer (EC).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-1-pd-l1-inhibitor-3.html  We investigated oncological outcome and morbidity in patients treated with a modified CROSS protocol followed by esophagectomy at our institution. METHODS Patients with EC receiving neoadjuvant RCTH with paclitaxel and carboplatin and concurrent radiotherapy (46 Gy) followed by esophagectomy were included in this retrospective analysis. Histopathological response, overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free interval (RFI) as well as perioperative morbidity were investigated. RESULTS Thirty-six patients (86.1% male, mean age 61.3 years, standard deviation 11.52) received neoadjuvant RCTH before surgery. Sixteen patients (44.4%) were treated for squamous cell cancer, whereas 20 patients (55.6%) had adenocarcinoma. The majority (75%) underwent abdominothoracic esophageal resection. Major complications occurred in 7 patients (19.5%) including anastomotic leakage in 4 patients (11.1%). A R0 resection was achieved in 97.2%. A complete pathological remission was seen in 13 patients (36.1%). Major response, classified as Mandard tumor regression grade 1 and 2, was found in 26 patients (72.2%). Median OS and RFI were not reached. CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant radiotherapy with 46 Gy and concomitant chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin for the treatment of locally advanced esophageal carcinoma is safe and effective. The results of this modified radiotherapy protocol are encouraging and should be considered in future patient treatment and study designs.The paper uses the example of historical paper research in Vienna around 1900 in order to analyze the dynamics of scientific cooperation between the natural sciences and the humanities. It focuses on the Vienna-based plant physiologist Julius Wiesner (1838-1916), who from 1884 to 1911 studied medieval paper manuscripts under the microscope in productive cooperation with paleographers, archaeologists and orientalists (Josef Karabacek, Marc Aurel Stein, Rudolf Hoernle). The paper examines why these cooperations succeeded and how they developed over time. Here we distinguish between two forms of cooperation while Wiesner initially worked only reactively, in a "closed cooperation", he later entered into "open cooperations", in which both parties defined research questions and methods. This form of cooperation proved particularly successful, but at the same time was especially demanding because, in addition to contributing one's own skills, it required considerable "interlocking expertise" (Andersen 2016). This was favored because the historical auxiliary sciences were in a phase of upheaval. Wiesner contributed his knowledge of technical microscopy and developed a genuine interest in historical questions, while the humanists were prepared to open themselves to scientific processes and ultimately acknowledged Wiesner as a historian of paper in his own right.At the center of this work stands the anthropometric research program during World War I for studying constitutional medicine and the connected series of investigations by the medical internists Theodor Brugsch, Hermann Rautmann and Max Berliner, their advances in the statistics of variability as well as the subsequent debate in constitutional medicine and pathology on the definition of the physical norm.In order to create a data basis for the "normal" body in the study of constitutional medicine, a series of young German internists undertook comprehensive anthropometric studies in the context of World War I, thereby taking advantage of the opportunity offered them by war to conduct a series of examinations of soldiers, but without having first reflected on methods of measurement, comparison, and evaluation. At the same time, the concept of the "normal" body, then only vaguely formed, still needed to be critically expounded. However, this changed during the subsequent period and led not only to a stronger emphasis on methodology, rather also to greater competency in mathematical statistics and philosophical cogitation on the meaning of the "norm". In this way, constitutional medicine originated the potent medical norm debate of the early 1920s which still resonates in medical theory today. By this means the few years following the end of World War I not only represented a turning point for constitutional medicine regarding the reflective use of methodology, but also introduced a new orientation of their research questions away from the "normal" body to individuality.