Vaccination plays a critical role in the protection of humans and other animals from infectious diseases. However, the same vaccine often confers different protection levels among individuals due to variation in genetics and/or immunological histories. While this represents a well-recognized issue in humans, it has received little attention in fish. Here we address this knowledge gap in a proteomic study of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum), using non-lethal repeated blood sampling to establish the plasma protein response of individual fish following immunization. Six trout were immunized with adjuvanted hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) and peripheral blood sampled at ten time points from day 0 to day 84 post-injection. We confirm that an antigen-specific antibody response to HEL was raised, showing differences in timing and magnitude among individuals. Using label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we quantified the abundance of 278 plasma proteins across the timecourse. As part of the analplications for vaccine development and the design of immune challenge experiments.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is primarily diagnosed through viral RNA positivity in nasopharyngeal swabs, and it is associated with the early detection of specific immunoglobulins to SARS-CoV-2 proteins.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nolvadex.html  We describe two moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with WHO score 4/5 at the time of hospitalization, pneumonia, and oxygen saturation less then 94% and with a strong discrepancy between viral RNA and antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. One patient was positive for viral RNA but completely negative for binding and neutralizing antibodies, whereas the second patient was negative for viral RNA but with high levels of both neutralizing and binding antibodies. This observation is relevant to better understand the pathogenesis of this novel infection.Stress granules (SGs) are the sites of mRNA storage and related to the regulation of mRNA translation, which are dynamic structures in response to various environmental stresses and viral infections. Seneca Valley virus (SVV), an oncolytic RNA virus belonging to Picornaviridae family, can cause vesicular disease (VD) indistinguished from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and other pig VDs. In this study, we found that SVV induced SG formation in the early stage of infection in a PKR-eIF2α dependent manner, as demonstrated by the recruitment of marker proteins of G3BP1 and eIF4GI. Surprisingly, we found that downregulating SG marker proteins TIA1 or G3BP1, or expressing an eIF2α non-phosphorylatable mutant inhibited SG formation, but this inhibition of transient SG formation had no significant effect on SVV propagation. Depletion of G3BP1 significantly attenuated the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, we found that SVV inhibited SG formation at the late stage of infection and 3C protease was essential for the inhibition depending on its enzyme activity. Furthermore, we also found that 3C protease blocked the SG formation by disrupting eIF4GI-G3BP1 interaction. Overall, our results demonstrate that SVV induces transient SG formation in an eIF2α phosphorylation and PKR-dependent manner, and that 3C protease inhibits SG formation by interfering eIF4GI-G3BP1 interaction.Introduction Although effective live attenuated yellow fever (YF) vaccines have been available for over 9 decades sporadic outbreaks continue to occur in endemic regions. These may be linked to several factors including epidemiological factors such as vector and intermediate host distribution or vaccine coverage and efficacy. The World Health Organization's research priorities include gathering systematic evidence around the potential need for booster vaccination with YF vaccine whether this follows full or fractional doses in children. Knowledge on the longevity of response to YF vaccine and the implications of this response needs to be consolidated to guide future vaccination policy. Methods We measured anti-YF IgG by microneutralization assay in a group of 481 African infants who had received YF vaccine as part of routine EPI programmes, to explore serological protection from YF 5-6 years post YF vaccination, as well as the effect of co variates. Findings Notably, 22.2% of the cohort had undetectable antibody concentrations, with another 7.5% revealing concentrations below the threshold of seropositivity of 0.5 IU/mL. Sex, season, country and time since vaccination did not affect the longevity of antibody concentration or having antibody concentrations above a defined threshold. Conclusion Roughly 30% of children in this cohort did not demonstrate anti-yellow fever antibody concentrations above the defined threshold of protection, with 20% having no demonstrable antibody. Knowledge on the longevity of response to YF vaccine and the implications needs to be consolidated to guide future vaccination policy.Circular RNAs (circRNAs) constitute a class of covalently circular non-coding RNA molecules formed by 5' and 3' end back-splicing. The rapid development of bioinformatics and large-scale sequencing has led to the identification of functional circRNAs. Despite an overall upward trend, studies focusing on the roles of circRNAs in immune diseases remain relatively scarce. In the present study, we obtained a differential circRNA expression profile based on microarray analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We characterized one differentially expressed circRNA back-spliced from the MYB Proto-Oncogene Like 2 (MYBL2) gene in patients with T1DM, termed as hsa_circ_0060450. Subsequent assays revealed that hsa_circ_0060450 can serve as the sponge of miR-199a-5p, release its target gene, Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by the tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 gene (PTPN11), and further suppress the JAK-STAT signaling pathway triggered by type I interferon (IFN-I) to inhibit macrophage-mediated inflammation, which indicates the important roles of circRNAs in T1DM and represents a promising therapeutic molecule in the treatment of T1DM.