https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cft8634.html Among deliveries <34 weeks, there is inconclusive evidence regarding the preferred route of delivery when there is a need to expedite delivery during the second stage of labor. As it is unreasonable that future randomized controlled trials will be conducted to settle this query, every clinical data concerning this topic, may be helpful. We aim to compare neonatal outcomes among women undergoing emergent cesarean delivery (ECD) versus vacuum-assisted delivery (VAD) during the second stage of labor among singleton gestations <34 weeks. A retrospective cohort study including all women who underwent either ECD or VAD at the second stage of labor between 30° and 33 weeks, during 2011-2019. The primary outcome was the rate of adverse neonatal outcomes, defined as intrapartum death, mechanical ventilation, asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, subgaleal hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and phototherapy. Of the 153,672 live singleton deliveries during the study perse outcomes were associated with lower body mass index (median 27.7 vs. 34.9,  = .04), higher rate of premature preterm rupture of membranes (40 (91%) vs. 5 (31%), OR [95% CI] 22.0 (5.0-91.1),  < .001) and labor dystocia as the indication for expedited delivery (38 (86%) vs. 7 (44%), OR [95% CI] 8.1 (2.1-30.1),  = .001). Cesarean delivery during the second stage of labor of gestations <34 weeks was associated with a higher rate of lower Apgar scores and longer length of stay. Delivery by second stage CD of premature neonates <34 weeks is associated with a higher rate of lower Apgar score. Delivery by second stage CD of premature neonates less then 34 weeks is associated with a higher rate of lower Apgar score.Introduction Bioprosthetic valves (BPV) implanted surgically or by transcatheter valve implantation (TAVI) comprise an overwhelming majority of substitute aortic valves implanted worldwide.Areas Covered Prominent drivers o